Sometimes you may feel upset when you wake up suddenly from a nightmare, but you can always let out a sigh of relief.
(a.아무리 그 꿈이 무서웠더라도) at least you’ve woken up safe and sound in your own home.
(가) You can go back to sleep ____(A)____ you know your loved ones are just around the corner in their own beds.
(나) Your home is a special place that protects you and your family from everything.
(다) Sometimes, we don't want to go home after work.
____(B)____, this is not a reality that everyone shares.
Many people around the would don’t wake up in a soft and comfortable bed.
(라) Instead, they open their eyes to see a dirt floor or a leaking roof.
(마) I didn’t realize for a long time that something I take for granted could be someone else’s biggest dream.
1. (A), (B)에 들어갈 알맞은 말이 제대로 짝지어 진것은?
(1) however - That's why (2) because - Fortunately (3) in stead - Unfortunately
(4) because - Unfortunately (5) moreover - Fortunately
2. (가)-(마) 중 글의 흐름에 어색한 문장은?
3. a.아무리 그 꿈이 무서웠더라도 7단어로 영어로 쓰시오.
[4-6] 다음 글을 읽고 문제에 답하세요.
( 가 ) two weeks may not seem like a long time, I had the chance to make new friends, learn about a different culture, and (a)most important, do something that makes the lives of (b)other better. I am so glad that this family now has a safe place where they can lay their heads. I believe everyone deserves a decent home. Right now, there are still many people around the world ( 나 ) a place to live. They are the reason why ordinary people like me want to go out there and (c)helped put a roof over their head.
4. 윗 글의 (가), (나) 에 들어갈 알맞은 것들 끼리 짝지어진 것은?
(1) Although - with (2) As if - with (3) For this reason - without (4) Although - without (5) As if - without
5. 윗 글의 (a) - (c) 의 단어들은 다 잘못되었습니다. 고쳐서 바르게 써주세요.
(a)
(b)
(c)
6. 위 글의 내용과 일치하지 않는 것은?
(1) 글쓴이는 다른 문화를 배웠다.
(2) 글쓴이는 다른 사람들의 삶을 더 낫게 해주었다.
(3) 글쓴이는 모든 사람들이 제대로 된 집을 가져야한다고 생각한다.
(4) 글쓴이는 그 가정이 집을 제대로 갖게 되어 기쁘다.
(5) 글쓴이는 다른 가정을 또 도와 집을 지으러 갈 계획이 있다.
[7-10] 다음 글을 읽고 물음에 답하세요.
There were clear skies and temperatures over 30℃ that first week.
( 가 ) the burning sun, we carried bricks, mixed concrete, and dug holes (A) pipes.
We had to slowly ( ) the family’s hut to get more bricks and other materials (A) the new house.
Every morning, the family and their neighbors would provide breakfast (A) everyone.
Then, all of us―the volunteers, community members, and the family―would start working.
We would share food and stories from time to time. When evening came, we were all very tired and sweaty, but we were happy
7. A에 공통으로 들어갈 전치사를 고르세요.
(1) for (2) to (3) of (4) in (5) at
8. 윗 글 빈칸에 들어갈 알맞은 말은?
(1) take over (2) take away (3) take out (4) take apart (5) take after
9. 윗 글의 내용에 일치하는 것은?
(1) 기온이 화씨 30도를 넘었다.
(2) 우리는 벽돌을 만들어야했다.
(3) 우리가 그 가족의 집을 허물필요는 없었다.
(4) 아침마다 집주인과 이웃들이 식사를 줬다.
(5) 우리는 피곤해서 그런지 짜증이 났다.
10. ( 가 )에 들어갈 알맞은 단어는?
(1) On (2) In (3) From (4) Above (5) Under
[11-13] 다음 글을 읽고 물음에 답하시오.
(a)As I look back on this trip, I find it amazed that so many different people come together to build a house for a family they’d never met.
For many of us, it was the first time we’d ever built a house.
The work was hard, ( 가 ) not one person ever stopped smiling or even complained.
I’m thankful for the friendships I’ve made through this trip.
In addition, I learned so much from the other volunteers, the community members, and this family.
I thought I was there to give, but I received so much more in return.
This experience has inspired me to continue building houses for others.
I hope it will also encourage my friends and family members (나. help) out in the future.
11. (a)문장에 2군데 틀린 곳을 찾아 바르게 고치시오.
12. (가)에 들어갈 알맞은 말은?
(1) and (2) but (3) or (4) still (5) by the way
13. (나.help) 의 help를 알맞은 형태로 고쳐 쓰세요.
[14-15] 다음 글을 읽고 물음에 답하세요.
After another week, the home was finally finished.
(가)(From/On) the last day, we had a party to (나)(celebrate/congratulate) the completion of the new house.
It was the best way to (a)end such an (b)incredible experience.
The (c)entire community (d)were there.
Everyone was dancing or crying (e)tears of joy.
I will never forget the looks on the faces of the family as they waved goodbye to us.
On a large scale, plays a big role in the economic health of every nation on Earth.
큰 규모에서, 날씨는 지구상 모든 나라의 경제적 건실함에 큰 역할을 한다.
A timely soaking rain can rescue a crop from ruin, while a sudden cloudburst can wash it away.
시기적절하게 흠뻑 적시는 비는 농작물을 파멸로부터 구해 낼 수 있지만, 갑작스러운 폭우는 농작물을 유실시킬 수도 있다.
And farmers aren’t the only ones at risk ; those who depend on natural gas for heat often watch in dismay as a particularly cold winter sends prices skyward.
그리고 농부들이 위험에 처한 유일한 사람들인 것은 아닌데, 천연 가스에 난방을 의존하는 사람들은 특별히 추운 겨울이 가격을 치솟게 할 때 자주 낙담하여 지켜본다.
Hurricanes can drive tourists away from areas that depend on a regular influx of visitors for their livelihoods.
허리케인은 방문객들의 지속적인 유입에 생계를 의존하는 지역에서 관광객들을 쫓아 버릴 수 있다.
Even a gentle phenomenon like fog can result in disaster, as the captains of the Andrea Doria and the Stockholm learned one fateful July night in 1956.
Andrea Doria호와 Stockholm호의 선장들이 1956년 운명 적인 7월 어느 날 밤에 깨닫게 된 것처럼, 심지어 안개와 같은 심하지 않은 현상도 재난을 일으킬 수 있다.
And during the Dust Bowl of 1936, one of the hottest and driest summers ever recorded, more than 15,000 people died of malnutrition and dust-related diseases.
그리고 이제까지 기록된 가장 덥고 건조했던 여름들 중의 하나인 1936년의 ‘황진 시대’ 동안 에, 15,000명이 넘는 사람들이 영양실조와 먼지 관련 질병으로 사망했다.
* cloudburst (갑작스러운) 폭우 ** influx 유입
(1) water
(2) erosion
(3) weather
(4) air pollution
(5) global warming
어법문제
On a large scale, weather (plays/is played) a big role in the (economic/economical) health of every nation on Earth.
A (timely/time) soaking rain can rescue a crop from ruin, (while/so) a sudden cloudburst can wash it away.
And farmers aren’t the only (one/ones) at risk ; those who depend on natural gas for heat often (watching/watch) in dismay as a particularly cold winter (is sent/sends) prices skyward.
Hurricanes can drive tourists away from areas that (are depended/depend) on a regular influx of visitors for their livelihoods.
Even a gentle phenomenon like fog can result in disaster, as the captains of the Andrea Doria and the Stockholm (learning/learned) one fateful July night in 1956.
And (during/while) the Dust Bowl of 1936, one of the hottest and driest summers ever (record/recorded), more than 15,000 people died of malnutrition and dust-related diseases.
3강 2번
Defining for deep-sea fishes is problematic.
심해어류에 엄밀한 상위 수심 경계선을 규정하는 것은 문제가 많다.
Below 1000 m, the oceans are totally devoid of solar light, the temperature is generally less than 4°C and there is no doubt that fishes living in these cold dark conditions can be considered to be deep-sea species.
1,000미터 아래에서 바다는 태양 빛이 전혀 없고, 온도는 대개 섭씨 4도 미만인데, 그래서 이러한 차갑고 깜깜한 환경에서 사는 물고기들이 심해 어종으로 간주될 수 있다는 것은 의심의 여지가 없다.
However, between 200 and 1000 m there is a transition zone where, although there may be sufficient light for vision using highly sensitive specially adapted eyes, life is more or less unsustainable for normal surface-dwelling fishes.
하지만 200미터에서 1,000미터 사이에서는, (빛에) 매우 민감한 특별히 적응한 눈을 사용하는 시력에는 빛이 충분할 수 있지만, 표층에 사는 보통 어류에게 삶이 거의 지속 불가능한 전이대가 있다.
This zone contains some of the most interesting deep-sea fishes that are obviously different from shallow species.
이 전이대에는 얕은 수심의 어종들과는 확연히 다른 가장 흥미로운 심해어류의 일부가 있다.
Despite living deep, many species have eggs that float to the surface so that larvae can develop in the plentiful food supply in the surface layers.
깊은 곳에 살고 있음에도 불구하고, 많은 어종들에게는 자어(仔魚)가 표층에서 풍부하게 먹이가 공급되는 상태 에서 자랄 수 있도록 수면으로 떠오르는 알이 있다.
In the open ocean many deep-sea fishes migrate towards the surface at night and descend again at dawn to pass the day in darkness and the cold waters below.
외해(外海)에서 많은 심해어류는 밤에 수면을 향하여 이동하고, 새벽에 다시 내려가서 어둠 속에서 그리고 아래쪽의 차가운 바다에서 낮을 지낸다.
Thus deep-sea fishes do not necessarily pass their entire life cycle in the deep sea, and adults may not be restricted entirely to depths greater than 200 m.
따라서 심해어류는 그들의 생애 주기 전체를 반드시 심해에서 보내지는 않으며, 성어(成魚)들이 전적으로 200미터보다 더 대단한 심해로 제한되지는 않을 수 있다.
(1) main food sources
(2) conservation priorities
(3) a typical migratory pattern
(4) a strict upper depth boundary
(5) an appropriate temperature range
어법문제
(Defining/Define) a strict upper depth boundary for deep-sea fishes is problematic.
Below 1000 m, the oceans are totally devoid of solar light, the temperature is generally less than 4°C and there is no doubt (that/where) fishes living in these cold dark conditions can (consider/be considered) to be deep-sea species.
However, between 200 and 1000 m there is a transition zone (where/which), although there may be sufficient light for vision using highly sensitive specially (adapting/adapted) eyes, life is more or less unsustainable for normal surface-dwelling fishes.
This zone contains some of the most interesting deep-sea fishes that are obviously different (from/to) shallow species.
Despite living deep, many species have eggs that (float/floating) to the surface (so that/because) larvae can develop in the plentiful food supply in the surface layers.
In the open ocean many deep-sea fishes (migrate/migrated) towards the surface at night and (descended/descend) again at dawn to pass the day in darkness and the cold waters below.
Thus deep-sea fishes do not necessarily pass their entire life cycle in the deep sea, and adults may not (be restricted/restrict) entirely to depths greater than 200 m.
3강 3번
There are no general strategies for conducting an argument because the specific something arguments are always about will always be embedded in a social or institutional setting in relation to which some, but not all, strategies will be relevant and, at least potentially, effective.
논쟁을 하기 위한 일반적인 전략은 없는데, 왜냐하면 논쟁이 항상 대상으로 삼는 어떤 특정한 것은 으레 사회적 혹은 제도적 배경 속에 깊이 박혀 있을 것이며 그 배경과 관련하여 전부는 아닌 일부의 전략이 적절하고 적어도 잠재적으로 효과적일 것이기 때문이다.
In the political arena, one tried-and-true strategy is to damage the reputation of your opponent, accusing him or her of all manner of crimes, lies, betrayals, improprieties, and failures of judgment.
정치 활동 무대에서 유효성이 증명된 하나의 전략은 여러분의 상대를 온갖 종류의 범죄, 거짓말, 배반, 부적절한 행동, 그리고 판단 실패에 대해 비난하면서 그 상대의 평판에 손상을 주는 것이다.
But if you do that in an academic argument — an argument between two scholars about the interpretation of a poem or the correct account of a historical event — you might be rebuked and sent away because you will have disregarded the decorum of the academic game.
하지만, 여러분이 어떤 시의 이해에 관한, 혹은 어떤 역사적 사건의 적절한 설명에 관한 두 학자들 사이의 논쟁과 같은 학문적인 논쟁에서 그렇게 한다면, 여러분은 학문적인 활동의 예의를 무시했을 것이므로 책망을 받고는 쫓겨날지도 모른다.
The ways of argument are and while there are surely some general things to be said about argument, and an entire intellectual tradition called rhetoric dedicated to saying them, in the end the study of argument will be a study of the various contexts in which one encounters argument in its various forms.
논쟁의 방식은 상황에 따라 특유하며, 분명히, 논쟁에 관해 이야기되는 몇몇 일반적인 것들과 그것들을 이야기하는 데에 전념하는 수사법이라 불리는 온전한 하나의 지적 전통이 있지만, 결국 논쟁의 연구는 논쟁을 다양한 형태로 마주치게 되는 다양한 상황에 관한 연구가 될 것이다.
(1) culture-free
(2) value-neutral
(3) rhetoric-based
(4) context-specific
(5) etiquette-sensitive
어법문제
There are no general strategies for conducting an argument because the specific something arguments are always about will always (embed/be embedded) in a social or institutional setting in relation (to which/of which) some, but not all, strategies will be relevant and, at least potentially, effective.
In the political arena, one tried-and-true strategy is to damage the reputation of your opponent, (accusing/accused) him or her of all manner of crimes, lies, betrayals, improprieties, and failures of judgment.
But if you do that in an academic argument — an argument between two scholars about the interpretation of a poem or the correct account of a historical event — you might (be rebuked/rebuke) and (sent/sending) away because you will have disregarded the decorum of the academic game.
The ways of argument are context-specific and while there are surely some general things to be said about argument, and an entire intellectual tradition called rhetoric (dedicating/dedicated) to saying them, in the end the study of argument will be a study of the various contexts (to which/in which) one encounters argument in its various forms
3강 4번
Today, most of our planet’s big animals live in industrial farms.
오늘날, 우리 행성의 큰 동물들의 대부분은 산업식 사육장에서 산다.
We imagine that the earth is populated by lions, elephants, and penguins, roaming freely across vast savannas and oceans.
우리는 광대한 사바나와 대양 전역을 자유롭게 돌아다니는 사자들, 코끼리들 그리고 펭귄들이 지구에 살고 있다고 상상한다.
That may be true of the National Geographic channel, Disney movies, and children’s fairy tales, but it is no longer true of the real world outside the TV screen.
그것은 아마도 내셔널 지오그래픽 채널, 디즈니 영화, 그리고 아이들의 동화에는 해당할지 모르지만, 더 이상 텔레비전 화면 밖의 실제 세계에는 해당하지 않는다.
The world contains forty thousand lions and one billion domesticated pigs ; five hundred thousand elephants and 1.5 billion domesticated cows ; fifty million penguins and fifty billion chickens.
세계에는 4만 마리의 사자와 10억 마리의 사육되는 돼지가, 50만 마리의 코끼리와 15억 마리의 사육되는 소가, 5천만 마리의 펭귄과 500억 마리의 닭이 있다.
In 2009, a census counted 1.6 billion wild birds in Europe, including all species together.
2009년에, 유럽에서는 개체 수 조사에서 모든 종을 죄다 포함해 16억 마리의 야생 조류의 수가 파악되었다.
That same year, the European meat and egg industry raised close to seven billion chickens.
같은해에유럽의육류및달걀산업은거의70억 마리의 닭을 사육했다.
A large portion of vertebrate animals living on our planet are no longer free-living but rather .
우리행성에사는척추동물의많은부분은더이상 자유롭게 살지 않고, 오히려 호모 사피엔스[인간]라는 하나의 동물에 의해 소유되고 통제된다.
(1) are locked up in small steel-and-concrete cages: zoos (2) are owned and controlled by one animal: Homo sapiens (3) are imprisoned in their natural habitats surrounded by humans (4) are constantly chased by heavily armed predators: Homo sapiens (5) are exploited as fictional characters, often symbolizing Homo sapiens
어법문제
Today, most of our planet’s big animals live in industrial farms.
We imagine that the earth (is populated by/populates) lions, elephants, and penguins, (roamed/roaming) freely across vast savannas and oceans.
That may be true of the National Geographic channel, Disney movies, and children’s fairy tales, but it is no longer true of the real world outside the TV screen.
The world (contains/contained) forty thousand lions and one billion (domesticated/domesticating) pigs ; five hundred thousand elephants and 1.5 billion (domesticated/domesticating) cows ; fifty million penguins and fifty billion chickens.
In 2009, a census (counting/counted) 1.6 billion wild birds in Europe, including all species together.
That same year, the European meat and egg industry (rose/raised) close to seven billion chickens.
A large portion of vertebrate animals living on our planet are no longer free-living but rather (are owned/own) and (controlling/controlled) by one animal: Homo sapiens
3강 5번
Political acts vary in their capacity .
정치적 행위들은 시민들이 무엇을 원하고 필요로 하는지에 대한 정보를 전달하는 능력에서 각기 다르다.
The vote is a notably blunt instrument of communication.
투표는 특히 무딘 의사소통 수단이다.
Although winning candidates often claim a “mandate,” in truth they usually have only an imprecise understanding of what was on the minds of the voters who placed them in office.
승리한 후보들이 자주 ‘위임받은 권한’을 주장하지만, 사실 그들은 대개 자신들을 공직에 앉혀 준 유권자들의 마음에 있는 것을 부정확하게 이해할 뿐이다.
In contrast, the many forms of direct expression of preferences — a sign at a demonstration, an e-mail to a senator’s office, a prepared statement at a meeting of the local zoning board — can communicate clear and, in some circumstances, quite specific messages.
그에반해서,선호하는바에대한여러직접표현 방식들은, 가령 시위에서의 팻말, 상원 의원 사무실로 보내는 이메일, 지역 구획 위원회 회의에서의 미리 준비된 진술은, 분명하고 일부 상황에서는 꽤 구체적인 메시지를 전달해줄 수 있다.
Organized interests are especially likely to communicate detailed information when they contact public officials, and this information frequently helps in the process of policy formation, although it presents a particular point of view.
조직화된 이익 집단은 공무원과 접촉할 때 상세한 정보를 전달할 가능성이 특히 있는데, 이런 정보는 특정한 관점을 보여줄지라도 정책 형성 과정에서 자주 도움이 된다.
(1) to help put a proposed policy into effect (2) to organize people based on their real interests (3) to persuade voters to vote for a particular candidate (4) to get a qualified and prepared candidate into office (5) to convey information about what citizens want and need
어법문제
Political acts (vary/varied) in their capacity to convey information about (why/what) citizens want and need.
The vote is a notably blunt instrument of communication.
Although winning candidates often claim a “mandate,” in truth they usually have only an imprecise (understood/understanding) of what was on the minds of the voters who (are placed/placed) them in office.
In contrast, the many forms of direct expression of preferences — a sign at a demonstration, an e-mail to a senator’s office, a prepared statement at a meeting of the local zoning board — can communicate clear and, in some circumstances, quite specific messages.
(Organized/Organizing) interests are especially likely to communicate detailed information (when/how) they contact public officials, and this information frequently (helps/help) in the process of policy formation, (because/although) it presents a particular point of view.
3강 6번
During their second year, children learn to use the words old and young, which indicate that they have appropriated the age dimension.
생후 두 번째 해에 아이들은 ‘old’와 ‘young’과 같은 단어를 쓰게 되는데, 이 단어들은 그들이 ‘나이라는 차원’을 사용했다는 것을 나타낸다.
They can use this dimension to classify people.
그들은 이 같은 차원을 이용하여 사람들을 분류할 수 있다.
(A) , an understanding of an abstract time domain develops much later.
하지만,추상적인 시간 영역에 대한 이해는 훨씬 더 늦게 발달한다.
Spatial metaphors for time are ubiquitous : it is difficult to talk about time without using words that originate from the visuospatial domain.
시간에 대한 공간적 비유는 어디에나 존재하며, 시공간적 영역에서 유래한 단어를 사용하지 않고 시간에 대해 이야기하기란 어렵다.
Jean Piaget emphasizes that “time and space form an inseparable whole” in children’s minds.
Jean Piaget는 아이들의 생각 속에서 ‘시간과 공간은 불가분한 통일체를 형성한다’고 강조한다.
In other words, young children cannot treat space and time as separate domains.
다시 말해, 어린아이들은 공간과 시간을 분리된 영역으로 다룰 수 없다.
This situation parallels the dimensions of height and volume, which are inseparable for preschool children but become separable when children learn that volume is a conservative dimension.
이 상황은 높이와 부피라는 차원과 유사한데, 높이와 부피의 차원이 취학 전 아이들에게는 분리할 수 없는 것이지만, 아이들이 부피가 보존되는 차원이라는것을배우면분리할수있는것이된다.
(B) , space and time start as a single metric that becomes gradually differentiated into two separable domains.
마찬가지로,공간과 시간은 점차 두개의 분리 가능한 영역으로 구별되는 하나의 측정 기준으로 시작된다.
(1) However - In contrast
(2) For example - In fact
(3) For example - Similarly
(4) However - Similarly
(5) Moreover - In contrast
어법문제
(While/During) their second year, children learn to use the words old and young, (where/which) indicate that they (have been appropriated/have appropriated the age dimension.
They can use this dimension (classifying/to classify) people. However, an understanding of an abstract time domain (is developed/develops) much later.
Spatial metaphors for time are ubiquitous : it is difficult to talk about time without (using/used) words that (originating/originate) from the visuospatial domain.
Jean Piaget emphasizes that “time and space form an (inseparable/inspectable) whole” in children’s minds.
In other words, young children cannot (be treated/treat) space and time as separate domains.
This situation parallels the dimensions of height and volume, (which/that) are (inseparable/inspectable) for preschool children but become separable when children learn (what/that) volume is a conservative dimension.
Similarly, space and time start as a single metric that becomes gradually (different/differentiated) into two separable domains.
Europe’s first Homo sapiens lived primarily on large game, particularly reindeer.
유럽의 최초 ‘호모 사피엔스’는 주로 큰 사냥감, 특히 순록을 먹고 살았다.
Even under ideal circumstances, hunting these fast animals with spear or bow and arrow is an uncertain task.
심지어 이상적인 상황에서도 이 빠른 동물을 창이나 활과 화살로 사냥하는 것은 불확실한 일이다.
The reindeer, however, had a weakness that mankind would mercilessly exploit: it swam poorly.
그러나 순록에게는 인간이 냉혹하게 이용할 약점이 있었는데, 그것이 서투르게 수영한다는 것이었다.
While afloat, it is uniquely vulnerable, moving slowly with its antlers held high as it struggles to keep its nose above water.
물에 떠 있는 동안 그것은 코를 물 위로 내놓으려고 애쓰면서 가지진 뿔을 높이 쳐든 채 천천히 움직이기 때문에 특별히 공격을 당하기 쉽다.
At some point, a Stone Age genius realized the enormous hunting advantage he would gain by being able to glide over the water’s surface, and built the first boat.
어떤 시점엔가 어떤 석기 시대천재가 미끄러지듯이 수면 위를 (움직여) 나아갈 수 있게 됨으로써 자신이 얻게 될 엄청난 사냥의 이점을 깨닫고 최초의 배를 만들었다.
Once the easily overtaken and killed prey had been hauled aboard, getting its body back to the tribal camp would have been far easier by boat than on land.
일단 쉽게 따라잡아 도살한 먹잇감을 끌어당겨 배 위로 올리면, 그 사체를 부족의 야영지로 가져가는 것은 지상으로보다 배로 훨씬 더 쉬웠을 것이다.
It would not have taken long for mankind to apply this advantage to other goods.
인간이 이런 이점을 다른 물품에 이용하는 데는 오랜 시간이 걸리지 않았을 것이다.
어법문제
Europe’s first Homo sapiens lived primarily (in/on) large game, particularly reindeer. Even under ideal circumstances, (hunt/hunting) these fast animals with spear or bow and arrow (being/is) an uncertain task. The reindeer, however, had a weakness (that/what) mankind would mercilessly exploit: it swam poorly. While afloat, it is uniquely vulnerable, moving (slowly/slow) with its antlers held high as it struggles to keep its nose above water. At some point, a Stone Age genius realized the enormous (hunt/hunting) advantage he would gain by being able to glide over the water’s surface, and (building/built) the first boat. Once the easily (overtaking/overtaken) and killed prey had (hauled/been hauled) aboard, getting its body back to the tribal camp would (have been/be) far easier by boat than on land. It would not have (been taken/taken) long for mankind to apply this advantage to other goods.
9강 Exercise 01
Racially, South Africa is a nation deeply divided.
인종적으로, 남아프리카공화국은 대단히 분열된 국가이다.
Sport has helped to break down this division, at least in part.
스포츠는 최소한 부분적으로라도 이런 분열을 허물어뜨리는데 도움이 되었다.
When the whites in South Africa held an election to decide whether to put an end to apartheid, 69 percent voted to give up their privilege, marking a rare peaceful transition of power.
남아프리카공화국에서 백인들이 아파르트헤이트를 폐지할지 여부를 결정하기 위한 선거를 시행했을 때, 69퍼센트가 그들의 특권을 포기하기로 투표했는데, 이는 흔치 않은 평화로운 권력의 이동을 보여 주는 것이었다.
One reason for the favorable vote was South African President F. W. de Klerk’s warning that failure to pass the measure would return the country to isolation in business and sport.
이 우호적인 투표의 이유 한 가지는 그 조치를 통과시키는 데 실패하면 그 나라가 사업과 스포츠에서 고립 상태로 되돌아갈 것이라는 남아프리카공화국의 대통령인 F. W. de Klerk의 경고였다.
South Africa had last participated in the Olympics in 1960 and had been barred since then from international competition.
남아프리카공화국은 1960년에 올림픽에 마지막으로 참가했었고 그 이후로 국제경기에서 금지당했었다.
Its apartheid racial policies had made it a pariah country in everything from politics to sports for three decades.
그 나라의 아파르트헤이트 인종차별 정책은 그 나라를 30년 동안 정치부터 스포츠까지 모든 것에서 따돌림받는 나라로 만들었었다.
With apartheid undone, South Africans could once again show their athletic ability.
아파르트헤이트 정책이 무효화되면서, 남아프리카공화국 사람들은 다시 한번 자신들의 운동 경기의 역량을 보여 줄 수 있었다.
This was a compelling argument for many whites. Subsequently, South Africa has been allowed to compete in the Olympics and in other worldwide competitions, especially in rugby, which is very important to its people.
이것은 많은 백인들에게 설득력 있는 논거였다. 이후에, 남아프리카공화국은 올림픽과 다른 전 세계적인 경기에, 특히 그 나라 국민들에게 매우 중요한 럭비 경기에 참가하도록 허용되었다.
어법문제
Racially, South Africa is a nation (deep/deeply) divided. Sport has helped to break down this division, at least in part. When the whites in South Africa (is holding/held) an election to decide (where/whether) to put an end to apartheid, 69 percent voted to give up their privilege, marking a rare peaceful transition of power. One reason for the favorable vote (be/was) South African President F. W. de Klerk’s warning that (fails/failure) to pass the measure would return the country to isolation in business and sport. South Africa (has/had) last participated in the Olympics in 1960 and (had been barred/had barred) since then from international competition. Its apartheid racial policies had (been made/made) it a pariah country in everything from politics to sports for three decades. With apartheid undone, South Africans could once again show their athletic ability. This was a (compelled/compelling) argument for many whites. Subsequently, South Africa has (allowed/been allowed) to compete in the Olympics and in other worldwide competitions, especially in rugby, (where/which) is very important to its people.
9강 Exercise 02
Of greater importance than the slight reduction in gravity’s pull is the so-called thin air that is present at high altitudes.
중력의 잡아당기는 힘이 약간 감소되는 것보다 더 중요한 것은 고도가 높은 곳에 존재하는 이른바 희박한 공기이다.
Although air contains the same proportions of oxygen, nitrogen, and other gases at high altitudes as at sea level, in a similar volume of air there is less of each the higher up in altitude you go.
공기는 고도가 높은 곳에서도 해수면 높이와 같은 비율로 산소, 질소, 그리고 다른 기체들을 함유하지만 여러분이 고도를 더 높이 올라갈수록 비슷한 부피의 공기에 각각의 기체가 더 적게 존재한다.
This characteristic greatly affected athletes who competed in the 1968 Olympic Games in Mexico City, which is 7,350 ft (2,240 m) above sea level.
이 특징은 멕시코시티에서 개최된 1968년의 올림픽 경기에서 경쟁하였던 선수들에게 크게 영향을 미쳤는데, 그곳은 해발 고도가 7,350피트(2,240미터)이다.
In Mexico City, athletes had to breathe more vigorously and more often to get the oxygen they needed.
멕시코시티에서, 선수들은 자신들이 필요한 산소를 얻기 위해 더 힘차게 그리고 더 자주 숨을 쉬어야 했다.
This caused a serious problem for athletes in endurance events, but it assisted athletes in short sprints because they ran on their bodies’ stored energy supplies.
이것은 지구력을 필요로 하는 경기에서 선수들에게 심각한 문제를 야기했지만 단거리 경주에서는 선수들에게 도움이 되었는데 그 이유는 그들이 신체에 저장된 에너지 비축량으로 달렸기 때문이다.
When Bob Beamon set his world record in the long jump in Mexico City, he benefited from a slight reduction in gravity, reduced air resistance from less dense air, and the fact that his approach was a short sprint and not a distance run.
Bob Beamon이 멕시코시티에서 멀리뛰기 세계 신기록을 세웠을 때, 그는 약간의 중력의 감소, 밀도가 더 낮은 공기로부터 오는 감소된 공기 저항, 그리고 그의 도움닫기가 단거리 달리기이지 장거리 달리기가 아니라는 사실에서 득을 보았다.
어법문제
Of greater (important/importance) than the slight reduction in gravity’s pull (are/is) the so-called thin air (what/that) is present at high altitudes. Although air contains the same proportions of oxygen, nitrogen, and other gases at high altitudes as at sea level, in a similar volume of air there is less of each the higher up in altitude you go. This characteristic greatly (attecting/affected) athletes who (competing/competed) in the 1968 Olympic Games in Mexico City, (where/which) is 7,350 ft (2,240 m) above sea level. In Mexico City, athletes had to breathe more vigorously and more often to get the oxygen they (are needed/needed). This caused a serious problem for athletes in endurance events, but it assisted athletes in short sprints because they ran on their bodies’ stored energy supplies. When Bob Beamon (is set/set) his world record in the long jump in Mexico City, he benefited from a slight reduction in gravity, (reduce/reduced) air resistance from less dense air, and the fact that his approach was a short sprint and not a distance run.
9강 Exercise 03
Solar power and wind power are considered alternatives to fossil-fuel-based energy generation from coal, petroleum, and natural gas, which predominate worldwide energy production at the start of the 21st century.
태양 에너지와 풍력은 석탄, 석유, 그리고 천연가스를 원료로 하는 화석 연료 기반의 에너지 발전의 대안으로 여겨지는데, 이들(석탄, 석유, 그리고 천연가스)은 21세기 초반에 전 세계의 에너지 생산을 주도하고 있다.
Both of them solve what is seen as the most prevalent negative consequence of fossil-fuel-based energy generation: air pollution.
두 에너지는 모두 화석 연료 기반의 에너지 발전의 가장 흔한 부정적인 결과로 간주되는 것, 즉 대기 오염을 해결한다.
This includes air pollution from chemicals, particulate matter, organic compounds, toxic materials, and the emissions that lead to climate change.
이것은 화학 물질, 입자상 물질, 유기 화합물, 독성 물질, 기후 변화를 일으키는 배기가스로 인한 대기 오염을 포함한다.
Solar power and wind power are also popular because they are renewable sources of energy production and so do not suffer the negative consequence of diminishing supplies.
태양 에너지와 풍력은 재생 가능한 에너지 생산 원천이어서 감소하는 공급량의 부정적인 결과를 겪지 않기 때문에 또한 인기가 있다.
They are also domestic sources of energy production and so are not dependent on imports from what may be hostile countries.
그것들은 또한 자국의 에너지 생산 원천이어서 적대국일 수 있는 곳으로부터의 수입에 의존하지 않는다.
Finally, solar power and wind power have the technical capability to be distributed, meaning they are what is sometimes referred to as decentralized energy generation sources.
마지막으로 태양 에너지와 풍력은 골고루 퍼뜨릴 수 있는 기술력을 가지는데, 이는 그것들이 때로 분산형 에너지 발전 원천이라고 불리는 것이라는 의미이다.
They can be placed on individual homes and in small areas and do not rely on large, single generation stations that can be subject to large-scale blackouts, terrorist attacks, or other centralized vulnerabilities.
그것들은 개인 주택과 소규모 지역에 배치될 수 있어서, 대규모 정전, 테러 공격, 또는 여타의 중앙 집중식 취약성의 영향을 받기 쉬울 수 있는 대규모 단일 발전소에 의존하지 않는다.
어법문제
Solar power and wind power (consider/are considered) alternatives to fossil-fuel-based energy generation from coal, petroleum, and natural gas, (where/which) predominate worldwide energy production at the start of the 21st century. Both of them solve (what/which) is seen as the most prevalent negative consequence of fossil-fuel-based energy generation: air pollution. This includes air pollution from chemicals, particulate matter, organic compounds, toxic materials, and the emissions that (led/lead) to climate change. Solar power and wind power are also popular because they are renewable sources of energy production and so (do/are) not suffer the negative consequence of diminishing supplies. They are also domestic sources of energy production and so (do/are) not dependent on imports from (that/what) may be hostile countries. Finally, solar power and wind power have the technical capability to (distribute/be distributed), meaning they are (which/what) is sometimes referred to as decentralized energy generation sources. They can be placed on individual homes and in small areas and do not rely on large, single generation stations that can be subject to large-scale blackouts, terrorist attacks, or other (centralizing/centralized) vulnerabilities.
9강 Exercise 04
Loneliness and lack of self-esteem are among the most obvious conditions which can be alleviated by living with an animal friend.
외로움과 자존감 부족은 반려동물과 함께 생활함으로써 완화될 수 있는 가장 확실한 질환에 속한다.
You are never alone with a dog or cat: walking the dog brings you into contact with other people and makes it infinitely easier to strike up a conversation with strangers.
개나 고양이와 함께 라면 절대로 외롭지 않은데, 개를 산책시키는 것은 여러분이 다른 사람과 접촉하게 해 주며 낯선 사람과 대화를 시작하는 것을 훨씬 더 쉬워지도록 해 준다.
Local cat owners often get to know one another too, as it is common for cats to wander into their neighbours’ gardens (and houses!) and for neighbours to exchange cat-sitting duties during holiday times.
고양이가 이웃의 정원(그리고 집!)으로 유유히 걸어 들어가는 일이나 이웃들이 휴가 기간 동안 고양이를 돌보는 임무를 서로 교환하는 일이 흔하기 때문에, 지역의 고양이 주인들 역시 흔히 서로를 알게 된다.
Having the responsibility for a pet can increase your sense of your own value and importance.
애완동물을 책임지는 것은 여러분 스스로의 가치와 중요성에 대한 느낌을 향상시킬 수 있다.
Caring for an animal reminds you that however low you might feel, you are capable.
동물을 돌보는 것은 여러분이 아무리 무기력하게 느낄지라도 여러분이 능력이 있는 사람이라는 것을 상기시켜 준다.
When you’re tempted to stay in bed and pull the covers over your head, you have to get up and feed the cat or walk the dog.
침대에 머물러 이불을 뒤집어쓰고 싶은 유혹을 느낄 때, 여러분은 ‘필히’ 일어나서 고양이에게 밥을 주거나 개를 산책시켜야 한다.
That everyday routine with a creature who needs you can be extremely soothing.
여러분을 필요로 하는 동물과 함께 하는 그 매일의 일상이 매우 큰 위로가 될 수 있을 것이다.
어법문제
Loneliness and lack of self-esteem are among the most obvious conditions (where/which) can be alleviated by living with an animal friend. You are never alone with a dog or cat: walking the dog (brings/bringing) you into contact with other people and makes (them/it) infinitely easier to strike up a conversation with strangers. Local cat owners often get to know one another too, as it is common for cats to wander into their neighbours’ gardens (and houses!) and for neighbours to exchange cat-sitting duties (while/during) holiday times. (Having/Had) the responsibility for a pet can increase your sense of your own value and importance. (Cared/Caring) for an animal reminds you that (however/whatever) low you might feel, you are capable. When you’re tempted to stay in bed and pull the covers over your head, you have to get up and feed the cat or walk the dog. (That/Which) everyday routine with a creature who needs you can be extremely soothing.
9강 Exercise 05
Very briefly, the complex individual is one who can see things from another person’s point of view and who is flexible in his/her thought processes.
아주 간단히 말해서, 복합적 개인은 다른 사람의 관점에서 사물을 볼 수 있고 자신의 사고 과정에 있어서 융통성이 있는 사람이다.
For example, they are able to change their minds on an issue in the light of new information rather than rigidly “sticking to their guns.”
예를 들어, 그들은 한 쟁점에 대해 완고하게 ‘자기입장을 고수하기’보다는 새로운 정보의 관점에서 자기 생각을 바꿀 수 있다.
They also tend to avoid what might be called “black and white” thinking.
그들은 또한 ‘흑백’ 사고라고 불리는 것을 피하는 경향이 있다.
For example, the positions of others on an issue are not lumped into the two categories of those for them and those against them but rather shades of differences or gradations of opinion are recognized and taken into account.
예를 들어, 어떤 쟁점에 대한 다른 사람들의 입장이 그 쟁점에 찬성하는 입장과 반대하는 입장의 두 개의 범주 속으로 일률적으로 다루어지지 않고 오히려 의견의 근소한 차이나 단계적 차이가 인정되고 고려된다.
Thus, they realize that the truth of a matter often lies somewhere in between two extremes.
따라서 그들은 어떤 문제의 진실은 종종 두 극단 사이 어딘가에 있다는 것을 깨닫는다.
Last but not least, the complex person seems better able to hold off on a decision allowing more information to be taken into consideration.
마지막으로 다른 어느 것 못지않게 중요한 것은, 복합적 개인은 더 많은 정보가 고려될 수 있도록 하면서 결정을 더 잘 보류할 수 있는 것처럼 보인다는 것이다.
어법문제
Very briefly, the complex individual is one (which/who) can see things from another person’s point of view and who is flexible in his/her thought processes. For example, they are able to change their minds on an issue in the light of new information rather than (rigidly/rigid) “sticking to their guns.” They also tend to avoid (that/what) might be called “black and white” thinking. For example, the positions of others on an issue are not (lumping/lumped) into the two categories of those for them and those against them but rather shades of differences or gradations of opinion are recognized and (taking/taken) into account. Thus, they realize that the truth of a matter often lies (somewhere/anywhere) in between two extremes. Last but not least, the complex person seems better able to (be held/hold) off on a decision allowing more information to (take/be taken) into consideration.
9강 Exercise 06
Many thought that Hans Monderman, a Dutch traffic engineer, had hit his head on a mental speed bump during his early years.
많은 사람들은 네덜란드의 교통 공학자인 Hans Monderman이 자신의 초창기에 마음속의 과속 방지턱에 머리를 부딪쳤다고 [제정신이 아니었다고] 생각했다.
Wouldn’t the lack of signs, markings, and barriers cause destruction and death?
표지판, 표시, 그리고 장벽의 부재가 파괴와 죽음을 유발하지 않을까?
Yet the engineer persisted in his belief that traffic signals, crosswalks, warning signs, curbs, and even lines painted down the middle of the road are not just annoying, but downright dangerous to drivers and pedestrians alike.
그러나 그 공학자는 신호등, 횡단보도, 주의 표지판, 도로 경계석, 그리고 심지어 도로 중앙에 그려진 선들도 운전자와 보행자 모두에게 성가실 뿐만 아니라 매우 위험하기도 하다는 자신의 신념을 고집했다.
He proposed integrating vehicle and foot traffic, in order to create a more holistic driving environment.
그는 더 전체적인 운전 환경을 조성하기 위해 차량과 도보 통행의 통합을 제안했다.
Few would listen; however, Monderman was patient.
귀를 기울이는 사람은 거의 없었지만 Monderman은 조바심을 내지 않았다.
By the early twenty-first century, Dutch officials finally gave him the green light to test his theories in a number of small towns there.
21세기 초에 들어서 네덜란드 관리들은 마침내 그곳에 있는 다수의 작은 도시에서 그의 이론을 실험하는 것에 대해 그에게 허가를 내주었다.
The data astonished skeptics.
데이터는 회의적인 사람들을 놀라게 했다.
Within several years, he showed statistically significant reductions in accidents and lost lives, causing his revolutionary ideas to reverberate around a traffic-clogged world.
몇 년 안에, 그는 사고와 사망자에 있어 통계적으로 유의미한 감소를 보여 주었고 그의 획기적인 생각이 교통으로 꽉 막힌 세상에 반향을 불러일으키게 했다.
어법문제
Many thought that Hans Monderman, a Dutch traffic engineer, (hit/had hit) his head on a mental speed bump (while/during) his early years. Wouldn’t the lack of signs, markings, and barriers cause destruction and death? Yet the engineer persisted in his belief that traffic signals, crosswalks, warning signs, curbs, and even lines (painting/painted) down the middle of the road are not just (annoying/annoyed), but downright dangerous to drivers and pedestrians alike. He proposed integrating vehicle and foot traffic, in order to create a more holistic driving environment. Few would listen; however, Monderman was patient. By the early twenty-first century, Dutch officials finally gave him the green light (for/to) test his theories in a number of small towns there. The data astonished skeptics. Within several years, he showed statistically significant reductions in accidents and (losing/lost) lives, (causing/caused) his revolutionary ideas to reverberate around a traffic-clogged world.
9강 Exercise 07
The average tree grows its branches out until it encounters the branch tips of a neighboring tree of the same height.
보통의 나무는 이웃하고 있는 같은 높이의 나무의 가지 끝을 만날 때까지 가지를 뻗는다.
It doesn’t grow any wider because the air and better light in this space are already taken.
이 공간에서 공기와 더 좋은 빛이 이미 취해지기 때문에 그것은 폭이 더 넓게 자라지 않는다.
However, it heavily reinforces the branches it has extended, so you get the impression that there’s quite a shoving match going on up there.
그러나 그것[나무]은 뻗은 가지들을 매우 강화하므로, 여러분은 저 위에서 꽤 거칠게 밀치는 시합이 벌어지고 있다는 인상을 받게 된다.
But a pair of true friends is careful right from the outset not to grow overly thick branches in each other’s direction.
그러나 한 쌍의 진정한 친구들은 바로 시작부터 서로의 방향으로 지나치게 두꺼운 가지를 자라게 하지 않도록 조심한다.
The trees don’t want to take anything away from each other, and so they develop sturdy branches only at the outer edges of their crowns, that is to say, only in the direction of “non-friends.”
나무들은 서로에게서 어떤 것도 빼앗아 가고 싶지 않기 때문에, 그것들은 꼭대기의 외부 가장자리에서만, 다시 말하면 ‘친구가 아닌 것들’의 방향으로만 튼튼한 가지를 뻗는다.
Such partners are often so tightly connected at the roots that sometimes they even die together.
그러한 동반자 관계의 나무들은 흔히 뿌리에서 단단히 연결되어 있어서 때로는 함께 죽기조차 한다.
어법문제
The average tree (grows/is grown) its branches out until it (encounters/encoutered) the branch tips of a neighboring tree of the same height. It doesn’t grow any wider because the air and better light in this space are already (taking/taken). However, it heavily reinforces the branches it (extended/has extended), so you get the impression that there’s quite a shoving match (going/gone) on up there. But a pair of true friends is careful right from the outset not to grow overly thick branches in each other’s direction. The trees don’t want to take anything away from each other, and so they develop sturdy branches only at the outer edges of their crowns, that is to say, only in the direction of “non-friends.” Such partners are often so (tightly/tight) connected at the roots that sometimes they even (are died/die) together.
9강 Exercise 08
The amount of information entering our consciousness at any instant is referred to as our cognitive load.
어떤 순간이든 우리의 의식에 들어가는 정보의 양을 인지부하라고 한다.
When our cognitive load exceeds the capacity of our working memory, our intellectual abilities take a hit.
우리의 인지 부하가 작동 기억의 능력을 초과할 때, 우리의 지적 능력은 타격을 입는다.
Information zips into and out of our mind so quickly that we never gain a good mental grip on it.
정보가 머릿속으로 너무 빠르게 들어가고 나와서 우리는 그것을 정신적으로 제대로 파악하지 못한다.
(Which is why you can’t remember what you went to the kitchen to do.)
(이로 인해 여러분은 부엌에 무엇을 하려고 간 것인지를 기억하지 못한다.)
The information vanishes before we’ve had an opportunity to transfer it into our long-term memory and weave it into knowledge.
그 정보는 우리가 장기 기억으로 옮겨서 지식으로 엮어 넣을 기회를 가지기 전에 사라진다.
We remember less, and our ability to think critically and conceptually weakens.
우리는 덜 기억하고, 우리가 비판적이고 개념적으로 생각하는 능력은 약해진다.
An overloaded working memory also tends to increase our distractedness.
과부하가 걸린 작동 기억은 또한 주의 산만을 증가시키는 경향이 있다.
After all, as the neuroscientist Torkel Klingberg has pointed out, “We have to remember what it is we are to concentrate on.” Lose your hold on that and you’ll find “distractions more distracting.”
결국, 신경 과학자인 Torkel Klingberg가 지적했듯이, “우리는 집중해야 할 것이 무엇인지 기억해야 한다.” 그것을 놓치면 여러분은 “집중을 방해하는 것들이 더 산만하게 한다”는 것을 발견하게 될 것이다.
어법문제
The amount of information (entering/entered) our consciousness at any instant is referred to as our cognitive load. When our cognitive load (exceeding/exceeds) the capacity of our working memory, our intellectual abilities take a hit. Information zips into and out of our mind so quickly that we never gain a good mental grip on it. (Which is why you can’t remember what you went to the kitchen to do.) The information (vanishing/vanishes) before we’ve had an opportunity to transfer it into our long-term memory and weave it into knowledge. We remember less, and our ability to think critically and (conceptually/conceptual) weakens. An (overloaded/overloading) working memory also tends to increase our distractedness. After all, as the neuroscientist Torkel Klingberg (points/has pointed ) out, “We have to remember (what/that) it is we are to concentrate on.” Lose your hold on that and you’ll find “distractions more (distracted/distracting).”
“Monumental” is a word that comes very close to expressing the basic characteristic of Egyptian art.
‘기념비적’이라는 말은 이집트 예술의 기본적인 특징을 표현하는 데 매우 근접하는 단어이다.
Never before and never since has the quality of monumentality been achieved as fully as it was in Egypt.
그 전에도 그 이후에도, 기념비성이라는 특성이 이집트에서처럼 완전히 달성된 적은 한 번도 없었다.
The reason for this is not the external size and massiveness of their works, although the Egyptians admittedly achieved some amazing things in this respect.
이에 대한 이유는 그들 작품의 외적 크기와 거대함이 아니다―비록 이집트인들이 이 점에 있어서 몇 가지 대단한 업적을 달성했다는 것이 인정되지만,
Many modern structures exceed those of Egypt in terms of purely physical size.
많은 현대 구조물은 순전히 물리적인 크기의 면에서는 이집트의 구조물들을 능가한다.
But massiveness has nothing to do with monumentality.
그러나 거대함은 기념비성과는 아무 관련이 없다.
An Egyptian sculpture no bigger than a person’s hand is more monumental than that gigantic pile of stones that constitutes the war memorial in Leipzig, for instance.
예를 들어, 겨우 사람 손 크기의 이집트의 조각이 Leipzig의 전쟁 기념비를 구성하는 그 거대한 돌무더기보다 더 기념비적이다.
Monumentality is not a matter of external weight, but of “inner weight.”
기념비성은 외적 무게의 문제가 아니라 ‘내적 무게’의 문제이다.
This inner weight is the quality which Egyptian art possesses to such a degree that everything in it seems to be made of primeval stone, like a mountain range, even if it is only a few inches across or carved in wood.
이 내적 무게가 이집트 예술이 지닌 특성인데, 이집트 예술은 그 안에 있는 모든 작품이 단지 폭이 몇 인치에 불과하거나 나무에 새겨져 있을지라도, 마치 산맥처럼 원시 시대의 돌로 만들어진 것처럼 보일 정도이다.
어법문제
“Monumental” is a word that comes very close to (express/expressing) the basic characteristic of Egyptian art. Never before and never since (has/have) the quality of monumentality been achieved as fully as it was in Egypt. The reason for this is not the external size and massiveness of their works, (In spite of/although) the Egyptians admittedly achieved some amazing things in this respect. Many modern structures exceed those of Egypt in terms of (pure/purely) physical size. But massiveness has nothing to do with monumentality. An Egyptian sculpture no bigger than a person’s hand is more monumental than (that/which) gigantic pile of stones that constitutes the war memorial in Leipzig, for instance. Monumentality is not a matter of external weight, but of “inner weight.” This inner weight is the quality (where/which) Egyptian art (possessing/possesses) to such a degree that everything in it seems to (make/be made) of primeval stone, like a mountain range, even if it is only a few inches across or carved in wood.
8강 Exercise 01
Children learn a great many useful life lessons from friendship problems.
아이들은 아주 많은 유용한 삶의 교훈을 교우 관계의 문제에서 배운다.
It is, almost always, a mistake to step in too soon to protect them from this ㅡ sometimes literally ㅡ hands-on learning.
때로는 말 그대로 실제 경험을 통해 배우는 이런 학습으로부터 그들을 보호하기 위해 너무 일찍 개입하는 것은 거의 항상 잘못이다.
It is also a mistake to assume that every child, either boy or girl, is going to have the same pattern of friends as you do.
남자아이든 여자아이든 모든 아이가 여러분이 사귀는 것과 똑같은 유형의 친구를 사귈 것이라고 당연히 생각하는 것도 또한 잘못이다.
Children are different from each other and different from their parents.
아이들은 서로 다르고, 부모와도 다르다.
Some prefer to have, or simply end up with, a larger group of friends with no one person standing out as a special friend.
어떤 아이들은, 어느 누구도 특별한 친구로 두드러지지 않은 채 더 큰 무리의 친구들을 사귀는 것을 선호하거나, 그냥 결국 그렇게 된다.
Some will be content with serial best friends, just one or two of them at a time, and are not, therefore, invited to all the parties but are content.
어떤 아이들은 한 번에 그저 한두 명씩 일련의 아주 친한 친구들에 만족할 것이고, 따라서 모든 파티에는 초대 받지 않지만 만족한다.
And some children are quite happy with few, or no, particular friends.
그리고 어떤 아이들은 특정한 친구가 거의 없거나 전혀 없어도 상당히 행복해한다.
These children will often have passions and interests that they can follow intently at home and may find the general play of the playground dull.
이런 아이들은 흔히 집에서 열심히 추구할 수 있는 열정과 흥미를 가지고 있을 것이고, 운동장에서 하는 일반적인 놀이를 지루하다고 생각할 수 있다.
어법문제
Children learn a great (much/many) useful life lessons from friendship problems. It is, almost always, a mistake to step in too soon to protect them from this ㅡ sometimes literally ㅡ hands-on learning. It is also a mistake to (assume/be assumed) that every child, either boy or girl, (is/are) going to have the same pattern of friends as you (are/do). Children are different from each other and different from their parents. Some prefer to have, or simply end up with, a larger group of friends with no one person (to stand/standing) out as a special friend. Some will be content with serial best friends, just one or two of them at a time, and (do/are) not, therefore, invited to all the parties but are content. And some children are quite happy with few, or no, particular friends. These children will often have passions and interests that they can follow (intent/intently) at home and may find the general play of the playground dull.
8강 Exercise 02
Have you ever been to an event and had someone else’s reaction make you feel totally out of place?
여러분이 어떤 행사에 갔는데 다른 누군가의 반응으로 인해 여러분이 완전히 못 올 데에 온 것처럼 느끼게 된 적이 있는가?
At the beginning of the evening you felt spectacular, but one strange look or slight awkward laugh made you feel that you had committed a fashion sin.
저녁 초입 무렵에는 여러분이 환상적인 기분이었는데, 한 번의 이상한 눈길 또는 약간 어색한 웃음이 여러분이 차림새 상의 죄를 저질렀다고 느끼게 만들었다.
Who hasn’t been in that position?
누가 그런 입장이 되어 보지 않은 적이 있을까?
One person, looking us up and down, makes us feel smaller for having what we have and dressing in what we wear.
한 사람이 우리를 위아래로 훑어보며, 우리가 가지고 있는 것과 우리가 입고 있는 것에 대해 우리를 초라한 기분이 들도록 만든다.
If this person is willing to judge others so harshly, though, imagine how often she judges herself.
그렇지만 만약 이 사람이 다른 사람을 기꺼이 그렇게 가혹하게 판단한다면, 그녀가 자기 자신을 얼마나 자주 판단할지 상상해보라.
If you know who you are, such a person will not be able to tear you down by simply projecting her insecurity onto you.
만약 여러분이 자신이 누구인지 안다면, 그런 사람은 자기 자신에 대한 확신이 없음을 그저 여러분에게 투사함으로써 여러분을 무너뜨릴 수는 없을 것이다.
You will never feel the need to win the affection of such a person if you are content with what you have under your clothes and under your skin.
만약 여러분이 여러분의 옷 속과 피부 속에 갖고 있는 것에 만족한다면 여러분은 그런 사람의 애정을 얻을 필요성을 절대 느끼지 않을 것이다.
어법문제
Have you ever been to an event and (have/had) someone else’s reaction make you feel totally out of place? At the beginning of the evening you felt spectacular, but one strange (looking/look) or slight awkward laugh made you feel that you (had committed/committed) a fashion sin. Who hasn’t been in that position? One person, looking us up and down, makes us feel smaller for having (that/what) we have and (dressed/dressing) in what we wear. If this person is willing to (judging/judge) others so harshly, though, imagine how often she (is judged/judges) herself. If you know who you are, such a person will not be able to tear you down by (simple/simply) projecting her insecurity onto you. You will never feel the need to win the affection of such a person if you are content with (that/what) you have under your clothes and under your skin.
8강 Exercise 03
Today biennales are the centre stage for contemporary art in the art world.
오늘날 예술계에서 비엔날레는 현대예술의 중심무대이다.
Not only do they showcase and discuss the nature of contemporary life, but they also differ from the modern world fairs, because they explicitly project multiple fractured histories and identities.
비엔날레는 우리의 현대적인 삶의 본질을 보여주고 논할 뿐 아니라, 파편화된 역사와 정체성을 숨김없이 보여주기 때문에 현대 세계 박람회와 또한 구별된다.
The desire to overturn previous political and theoretical structures is central to the discussions around contemporary biennales.
이전의 정치적 이론적 구조를 전복시키려는 욕망은 현대 비엔날레를 둘러싼 논의의 중심에 서있다.
For instance, when asked ‘What makes a biennial?’ world-renowned curator Rosa Martinez answered that ‘The idea biennial is a profoundly political and spiritual event.
예컨대, ‘비엔날레를 구성하는 것은 무엇입니까?’라는 질문을 받았을 때 세계적으로 유명한 큐레이터 Rosa Martinez는 ‘비엔날레라는 개념은 지극히 정치적이고 영적인 행사이다.
It contemplates the present with the desire to transform it’, and is indicative of a larger social, political and economic flow within contemporary society.
그것은 현재를 변형시키고자 하는 욕망을 가지고서 현재를 고찰하고,’ 현대 사회 내부의 보다 큰 사회적, 정치적, 경제적 흐름을 나타내고 있다고 답했다.
We might even say that biennales are perceived as trendsetters, or predictors of intercultural flows that focus on the political nature of art in a global setting.
우리는 심지어 비엔날레가 유행선도자, 즉 전 세계적 환경에서 예술의 정치성에 초점을 맞추는 (이종)문화 간의 흐름의 예언자로 인식되고 있다고 말할 수도 있을 것이다.
어법문제
Today biennales are the centre stage for contemporary art in the art world. Not only (are/do) they showcase and discuss the nature of contemporary life, but they also (different/differ) from the modern world fairs, because they explicitly project multiple fractured histories and identities. The desire to overturn previous political and theoretical structures (is/are) central to the discussions around contemporary biennales. (However/For instance), when (asking/asked) ‘What makes a biennial?’ world-renowned curator Rosa Martinez (answering/answered) that ‘The idea biennial is a profoundly political and spiritual event. It (is contemplated/contemplates) the present with the desire to transform it’, and (being/is) indicative of a larger social, political and economic flow within contemporary society. We might even say that biennales (perceive/are perceived) as trendsetters, or predictors of intercultural flows that focus on the political nature of art in a global setting.
8강 Exercise 04
Peer groups of young males in nonhuman primate societies, called bachelor groups, serve a variety of functions.
인간 외의 영장류 사회에서 총각 집단이라고 불리는 젊은 수컷들의 또래 집단은 다양한 기능을 수행한다.
In squirrel monkeys males approaching breeding age become social outcasts; their mothers and sisters want nothing to do with them.
다람쥐원숭이 무리에서 번식 연령에 접어드는 수컷들은 사회적으로 버림을 받는데, 즉 그들의 어미와 자매들은 그들과 엮이고 싶어 하지 않는다.
Young males may travel together separately from or on the edge of a large troop of monkeys ㅡ either of which affords them more protection than traveling alone.
젊은 수컷들은 원숭이들의 커다란 무리와 떨어져 별개로 또는 그 무리의 주변에서 함께 다닐지도 모르는데 이렇게 하면 어느 쪽도 혼자 다니는 것보다 그들에게 더 많은 보호를 제공해 준다.
In species such as langurs and rhesus monkeys, groups of young males commonly depart together in search of a new living community.
랑구르원숭이와 붉은털원숭이 같은 종에서, 젊은 수컷 집단은 새로운 생활 공동체를 찾아 흔히 함께 떠난다.
Peer groups function differently for male chimpanzees, who don't emigrate.
수컷 침팬지들에게 있어서 또래 집단은 (그와는) 다르게 기능을 하는데, 그들은 이주를 하지 않는다.
They may patrol their home range together to deter males from other groups from getting into their community.
그들은 다른 집단의 수컷들이 자기들의 군집에 침투하는 것을 막기 위해 자신들의 활동 범위를 함께 순찰할 수도 있다.
They also hunt cooperatively and share the food, and groom one another in deference to rank or coalition partnership.
그들은 또한 협력하고 사냥하고 음식을 나누며, 서열 또는 연합 동반자 관계를 고려하여 서로 털을 다듬어 준다.
어법문제
Peer groups of young males in nonhuman primate societies, (called/is called) bachelor groups, serve a variety of functions. In squirrel monkeys males (approaching/approached) breeding age become social outcasts; their mothers and sisters want nothing to do with them. Young males may travel together (separately/separate) from or on the edge of a large troop of monkeys ㅡ either of (them/which) affords them more protection than traveling alone. In species such as langurs and rhesus monkeys, groups of young males (commonly/common) depart together in search of a new living community. Peer groups function differently for male chimpanzees, (who/which) don't emigrate. They may patrol their home range together to deter males from other groups from getting into their community. They also hunt cooperatively and share the food, and groom one another in (difference/deference) to rank or coalition partnership.
8강 Exercise 05
Even after people learned the scientific method, many still pursued and believed in really weird things, and many old ideas died hard deaths.
심지어 사람들이 과학적 방법을 배운 이후에도, 많은 이들은 여전히 정말로 이상한 일들을 추구하고 믿었으며, 많은 오래된 관념들이 쉽게 사라지지 않았다.
It’s hard to believe, but even simple things such as washing your hands to prevent infection were not fully accepted by the medical community until relatively recently on the human timeline.
믿기 어렵지만, 감염을 예방하기 위해 손을 씻는 것과 같은 간단한 일조차도 인간의 연대표 상에서 비교적 최근까지 의료계에 의해 완전히 받아들여지지는 않았다.
Even after it was discovered and documented that washing hands drastically reduced deadly fevers, the idea took a while to catch on.
손을 씻는 것이 치명적인 열병을 급격하게 줄인다는 것이 발견되고 서류로 입증된 이후에도, 그 생각은 인기를 얻을 때까지 시간이 걸렸다.
It was just too revolutionary, too weird.
그것은 정말이지 너무 혁명적이었고 너무 이상했다.
The idea of germs and microscopic organisms challenged a variety of other ideas, including that the source of disease was probably linked to things that stank, which was sort of true when you thought about it.
세균과 미생물에 대한 생각은, 생각해보면 어느 정도 사실인, 질병의 근원이 아마도 고약한 냄새가 나는 것들과 연관이 있으리라는 것을 포함하여 여러 다른 생각들의 정당성에 의문을 제기했다.
In a world that had already invented the telephone and the lightbulb, hand washing to prevent sickness met enough resistance that doctors argued about it for decades.
전화와 전구를 이미 발명한 세상에서, 병을 예방하기 위해 손을 씻는 것은 의사들이 수십 년 동안 그것에 대해 논쟁을 벌일 정도로 충분한 저항에 부딪혔다.
어법문제
Even after people learned the scientific method, many still pursued and believed in really weird things, and many old ideas (were died/died) hard deaths. It’s hard to believe, but even simple things such as washing your hands (preventing/to prevent) infection (was/were) not fully accepted by the medical community until relatively recently on the human timeline. Even after it (discovered/was discovered) and documented that washing hands drastically (reducing/reduced) deadly fevers, the idea (was taken/took) a while to catch on. It was just too revolutionary, too weird. The idea of germs and microscopic organisms challenged a variety of other ideas, (includes/including) that the source of disease was probably (linking/linked) to things that stank, (where/which) was sort of true when you thought about it. In a world that had already (been invented/invented) the telephone and the lightbulb, hand-washing to prevent sickness (meeting/met) enough resistance that doctors argued about it for decades.
8강 Exercise 06
The 1980s, a time of true global interdependence, was a lost decade for many economically disadvantaged countries.
진정한 세계적 상호 의존의 시대였던 1980년대는 많은 경제적으로 빈곤한 국가들에게는 잃어버린 10년이었다.
Despite consistent reductions in mortality rates and other disease burdens, a marked deterioration in living conditions occurred in many countries.
사망률과 다른 질병 부담의 지속적인 감소에도 불구하고, 생활 여건의 현저한 악화가 많은 국가에서 일어났다.
In several regions, most notably Latin America and sub-Saharan Africa, advances in health care and education eroded.
몇몇 지역, 가장 두드러지게 라틴아메리카와 사하라 사막 이남의 아프리카에서, 보건과 교육에서의 발전이 서서히 줄었다.
Unemployment rates rose in many parts of the world, as did the global poverty rate.
범세계적으로 빈곤률이 상승한 것처럼 세계의 많은 지역에서 실업률이 상승했다.
By 1989, one out of five people was living in “absolute poverty,” which the World Bank defines as suffering from malnutrition to the point of being unable to work.
1989년 무렵에는, 다섯 명 중 한 명이 ‘절대 빈곤’ 속에서 살고 있었는데, 세계은행은 그것을 일할 수 없을 수준까지 영양실조로 고통을 받는 것으로 정의한다.
By the end of the 1980s, low-income countries had accumulated a debt of $1.3 trillion.
1980년 말 무렵에는, 저소득 국가들은 이미 1.3조 달러의 채무가 누적되었었다.
Crippled by massive debt burdens, many countries saw their growth rates slow and living standards decrease.
거대한 채무 부담에 의해 제 기능을 못하게 되어, 많은 국가들은 자국의 성장률 둔화와 생활수준 하락을 겪었다.
어법문제
The 1980s, a time of true global interdependence, (was/were) a lost decade for many economically (disadvantaging/disadvantaged) countries. (Despite/Though) consistent reductions in mortality rates and other disease burdens, a marked deterioration in living conditions (was occurred/occurred) in many countries. In several regions, most notably Latin America and sub-Saharan Africa, (advances/advanced) in health care and education eroded. Unemployment rates (rose/arose) in many parts of the world, as (was/did) the global poverty rate. By 1989, one out of five people (was/were) living in “absolute poverty,” (when/which) the World Bank defines as suffering from malnutrition to the point of being unable to work. By the end of the 1980s, low-income countries (accumulated/had accumulated) a debt of $1.3 trillion. (Crippled by/Crippling) massive debt burdens, many countries saw their growth rates (slowly/slow) and living standards decrease.
8강 Exercise 07
Companies that inspire, companies that command trust and loyalty over the long term, are the ones that make us feel we’re accomplishing something bigger than just saving a dollar.
영감을 주는 회사, 장기간에 걸쳐 신뢰와 충실성을 받는 회사는 우리가 그저 1달러를 아끼는 것보다 더 큰 것을 성취하고 있다고 느끼게 하는 회사이다.
That feeling of alliance with something bigger is the reason we keep wearing the jersey of our hometown sports team even though they have not made it to the playoffs for ten years.
더 큰 것과 연결되어 있다는 그 느낌은 우리 고향의 스포츠 팀이 10년 동안 우승 결정전에 나가지 못했어도 우리가 그 팀의 운동복 셔츠를 계속 입는 이유이다.
It’s why some of us will always buy products from a certain brand over other brands, even if the brand isn’t always the most affordable choice.
그것이 특정한 브랜드가 항상 가장 가격이 알맞은 선택이 아닐지라도 우리들 중 일부가 다른 브랜드보다 그 브랜드의 제품을 항상 사게 되는 이유이다.
Whether we like a admit it or not, we are not entirely rational beings.
우리가 인정하고 싶든 아니든, 우리가 전적으로 합리적인 존재인 것은 아니다.
If we were, no one would ever fall in love and no one would ever start a business.
만일 우리가 그렇다면, 누구도 사랑에 결코 빠지지 않을 것이고 누구도 사업체를 결코 시작하지 않을 것이다.
Faced with an overwhelming chance of failure, no rational person would ever take either of those risks.
엄청난 실패의 위험에 직면할 경우, 합리적인 사람이라면 어느 누구도 그런 위험 어느 쪽도 결코 무릅쓰지 않을 것이다.
But we do. Every day. Because how we feel about something or someone is more powerful than what we think about it or them.
그러나 우리는 그렇게 한다. 매일 그렇게 한다. 우리가 어떤 물건이나 사람에 대해 어떻게 느끼는가는 우리가 그것이나 그 사람에 대해 어떻게 생각하는 지보다 더 강력하기 때문이다. .
어법문제
Companies that inspire, companies that command (trust/trusted) and loyalty over the long term, (is/are) the ones that make us (feeling/feel) we’re accomplishing something bigger than just (save/saving) a dollar. That feeling of alliance with something bigger is the reason we keep wearing the jersey of our hometown sports team even though they have not made (it/those) to the playoffs for ten years. It’s why some of us will always buy products from a certain brand (over/to) other brands, (since/even if) the brand isn’t always the most affordable choice. (Whether/If) we like a admit it or not, we are not entirely (rationally/rational) beings. If we were, no one would ever fall in love and no one would ever start a business. (Faced/Facing) with an (overwhelmed/overwhelming) chance of failure, no rational person would ever take either of those risks. But we do. Every day. Because (how/why) we feel about something or someone (is/are) more powerful than what we think about it or them.
8강 Exercise 08
Ironically, some of the most powerful techniques for boosting your memory are also the oldest.
역설적이게도, 여러분의 기억력을 신장시키기 위한 가장 강력한 기법들 중 일부는 또한 가장 오래되기도 했다.
Under the umbrella term ‘Mnemonics’ (it has a silent ‘M’), these involve tapping into the fact that our brains have evolved to deal very well with both visual images and spatial locations.
기억술(‘묵음 M이 들어 있다)’이라는 포괄적 용어 속에 이 기법들은 우리의 두뇌가 시각적 이미지와 공간적 장소 둘 다를 매우 잘 다루도록 진화했다는 사실을 활용하는 것을 포함한다.
By turning facts into mental images, and imagining them along a route of locations, you can harness these natural memory powers to remember almost anything you like.
사실을 정신적 이미지로 바꾸고 그것들을 장소의 경로를 따라 상상함으로써, 여러분은 이 타고난 기억 능력을 여러분이 좋아하는 거의 모든 것을 다 기억하기 위해 사용할 수 있다.
The more improbable and emotionally charged the images the better, as our brains evolved to pay special attention to those features.
그 이미지가 더 사실일 것 같지 않고 더 감정적으로 북받칠수록 더 좋은데, 우리의 두뇌가 그런 특징들에 특별한 관심을 기울이도록 진화했기 때문이다.
Another part of your imagination that can boost your memory is your musical sense.
여러분의 기억력을 신장시킬 수 있는 여러분의 상상력의 또 다른 부분은 여러분의 음악적 감각이다.
Rhythm and rhyme are potent memory boosters.
리듬과 운율은 강력한 기억력 증폭기이다.
This explains why you might find it hard to remember the periodic table of elements, yet your memory banks are overflowing with old ad jingles!
이것은 왜 여러분이 원소의 주기율표를 기억하는 것은 어렵다고 여길지도 모르지만, 여러분의 기억 저장소가 오래된 광고 시엠송으로 넘쳐흐르는지를 설명해준다.
어법문제
Ironically, some of the most powerful techniques for boosting your memory (is/are) also the (oldest/old).(On/Under) the umbrella term ‘Mnemonics’ (it has a silent ‘M’), these involve tapping into the fact that our brains (have evolved/have been evolved) to deal very well with both visual images and spatial locations. By turning facts into mental images, and (imagine/imagining) them along a route of locations, you can harness these natural memory powers to remember almost (something/anything) you like. The more improbable and emotionally (charged/charging) the images the better, as our brains (evolved/was evolved) to pay special attention to those features. (Another/The other) part of your imagination that can boost your memory (is/being) your musical sense. Rhythm and rhyme (is/are) potent memory boosters. This explains (why/how) you might find (that/it) hard to remember the periodic table of elements, yet your memory banks are overflowing with old ad jingles!
Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings, an American author born in Washington, D.C. in 1896, wrote novels with rural themes and settings.
1896년 Washington D.C.에서 태어난 미국 작가인 Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings는 시골을 다룬 주제와 (시골을) 배경으로 하는 소설을 썼다.
While she was young, one of her stories appeared in The Washington Post.
그녀가 어렸을 때, 그녀의 이야기 중 하나가 The Washington Post에 실렸다.
After graduating from university, Rawlings worked as a journalist while simultaneously trying to establish herself as a fiction writer.
대학교를 졸업한 후 Rawlings는 저널리스트로 일하면서 동시에 소설가로 자리매김하려고 애썼다.
In 1928, she purchased an orange grove in Cross Creek, Florida.
1928년에 그녀는 Florida주 Cross Creek에 있는 오렌지 과수원을 구입했다.
This became the source of inspiration for some of her writings which included The Yearling and her autobiographical book, Cross Creek.
이것은 The Yearling과 자전적인 책인 Cross Creek을 포함해서 그녀의 일부 작품의 영감의 원천이 되었다.
In 1939, The Yearling, which was about a boy and an orphaned baby deer, won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction.
1939년에 한 소년과 어미 잃은 아기 사슴에 관한 이야기였던 The Yearling은 퓰리처상 소설 부문 수상작이 되었다.
Later, in 1946, The Yearling was made into a film of the same name.
나중에, 1946년에 The Yearling은 같은 제목으로 영화화되었다.
Rawlings passed away in 1953, and the land she owned at Cross Creek has become a Florida State Park honoring her achievements.
Rawlings는 1953년에 세상을 떠났고, 그녀가 Cross Creek에 소유한 땅은 Florida 주립 공원이 되어 그녀의 업적을 기리고 있다.
어법문제
Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings, an American author born in Washington, D.C. in 1896, wrote novels with rural themes and settings. While she was young, one of her stories (appeared/was appeared) in The Washington Post. After graduating from university, Rawlings worked (as/for) a journalist while simultaneously trying (to establish/establishing) herself as a fiction writer. In 1928, she purchased an orange grove in Cross Creek, Florida. This became the source of inspiration for some of her writings (which/what) included The Yearling and her autobiographical book, Cross Creek. In 1939, The Yearling, (which/that) was about a boy and an orphaned baby deer, (won/winning) the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction. Later, in 1946, The Yearling (was made/made) into a film of the same name. Rawlings passed away in 1953, and the land she owned at Cross Creek (has become/became) a Florida State Park honoring her achievements.
7강 Exercise 01
The pirarucu is one of the largest freshwater fish in the world at up to ten feet long and weighing more than four hundred pounds.
피라루쿠는 길이가 10피트에 이르고 무게는 400파운드가 넘는 세계에서 가장 큰 민물고기 중 하나이다.
That’s a true river monster!
그것은 진정한 강의 괴물이다!
Because of its size, it is called arapaima, or “dragon fish.”
그것의 크기 때문에 arapaima, 즉 ‘드래곤 피시’라고 불린다.
All fish can breathe in water, right?
모든 물고기는 물속에서 숨 쉴 수 있다. 그렇지 않은가?
Not this one.
이것은 아니다.
Unlike most fish, which use their gills to take in oxygen from water, the pirarucu needs to come to the surface about every ten minutes to breathe air.
물속에서 산소를 얻기 위해 아가미를 사용하는 대부분의 물고기와 달리, 피라루쿠는 공기를 들이마시기 위해 매 10분 정도마다 수면으로 올라와야 한다.
This helps it survive in the muddy lakes of the Amazon, where little oxygen is available.
이는 이용 가능한 산소가 거의 없는 아마존강의 탁한 호수에서 그것이 생존하는 것을 돕는다.
The pirarucu is one of the native fishermen’s favorite meals.
피라루쿠는 토착 어민이 가장 좋아하는 음식 중 하나이다.
Every part of the fish is eaten.
그 물고기의 모든 부위를 먹는다.
Even the pirarucu’s tough scales are considered valuable and are used as files, like sandpaper.
심지어 피라루쿠의 거친 비늘조차 귀중하게 여겨지며, 사포처럼 줄로 사용된다.
But the pirarucu is endangered.
그러나 피라루쿠는 멸종 위기에 처해 있다.
To make sure this gorgeous giant will be around for a long time to come, only certain native people are allowed to catch a limited number of pirarucu each year.
이 멋진 거대한 물고기가 장래에 오랫동안 반드시 존재하게 하기 위해 오직 특정 토착민만이 매년 제한된 수의 피라루쿠를 잡는 것이 허락된다.
어법문제
The pirarucu is one of the largest freshwater (fish/fishes) in the world at up to ten feet long and weighing more than four hundred pounds. That’s a true river monster! Because (of/x) its size, it is called arapaima, or “dragon fish.” All fish can breathe in water, right? Not this one. (Unlike/Like) most fish, (which/that) use their gills to take in oxygen from water, the pirarucu needs to come to the surface about every ten minutes (to breathe/breathe) air. This helps it (surviving/survive) in the muddy lakes of the Amazon, (where/which) little oxygen is available. The pirarucu is one of the native fishermen’s favorite meals. Every part of the fish (is/are) eaten. Even the pirarucu’s tough scales are considered (valuably/valuable) and are (used/using) as files, like sandpaper. But the pirarucu is endangered. To make sure this gorgeous giant will be around for a long time to come, only certain native people (are allowed/allow) to catch a limited number of pirarucu each year.
7강 Exercise 02
The Theater at Epidaurus was an example of ancient Greek civic architecture meant to be enjoyed by the general public.
Epidaurus 극장은 일반 대중이 즐기도록 의도된 고대 그리스 시민 건축물의 한 사례였다.
The art of the theater was an important part of ancient Greek culture and religion, as religious ceremonies were incorporated with music and dance, and performed in public spaces.
극장 예술은 고대 그리스 문화와 종교의 중요한 부분이었는데, 그 이유는 종교 의식이 음악 및 무용과 결합되어 있었고 공공장소에서 행해졌기 때문이다.
Greek drama, including tragedies and comedies, was performed in outdoor spaces like the Theater at Epidaurus.
비극과 희극을 포함하여 그리스 연극은 Epidaurus 극장과 같은 야외 장소에서 공연되었다.
At the heart of the theater was the circular orchestra, the central performance area.
극장의 중심부에는 중앙 공연장인 원형의 orchestra가 있었다.
Fifty-five rows of semicircular tiered seats were carved into a hillside, which allowed as many as fourteen thousand spectators a good view of the orchestra.
55개 줄의 반원형의, 단으로 배열된 좌석이 언덕 경사면을 깎아서 만들어졌는데, 이것은 14,000명이나 되는 관객들이 orchestra를 잘 볼 수 있게 해 주었다.
The design of the Theater at Epidaurus is so effective that it is still in use today, and the acoustics are so perfect that no electrified sound system is needed when performances are held at the site.
Epidaurus 극장의 디자인은 매우 효율적이어서 오늘날에도 여전히 사용되고 있으며 음향 효과는 너무나 완벽하여 그곳에서 공연이 이루어질 때 전기 음향 장치가 필요하지 않다.
어법문제
The Theater at Epidaurus was an example of ancient Greek civic architecture (meant/was meant) to be enjoyed by the general public. The art of the theater was an important part of ancient Greek culture and religion, as religious ceremonies were (incorporating/incorporated) with music and dance, and (performed/performing) in public spaces. Greek drama, (including/included) tragedies and comedies, (was performed/being performed) in outdoor spaces like the Theater at Epidaurus. At the heart of the theater (was/were) the circular orchestra, the central performance area. Fifty-five rows of semicircular tiered seats were carved into a hillside, (which/what) allowed as many as fourteen thousand spectators a good view of the orchestra. The design of the Theater at Epidaurus is so (effectively/effective) that it is still in use today, and the acoustics are so perfect that no (electrified/electrifying) sound system is needed when performances are held at the site.
7강 Exercise 03
Flyer Distribution Guidelines
전단 배포 지침
White Valley School District recognizes the importance of a system to distribute printed flyers that is environmentally friendly.
White Valley 학구는 환경 친화적인 인쇄 전단을 배포하기 위한 체계의 중요성을 인식하고 있습니다.
Therefore the district is working toward revised flyer distribution guidelines.
그래서 학구는 개정된 전단 배포 지침을 지향하여 노력하고 있습니다.
The guidelines are effective from March 1, 2019.
지침은 2019년 3월 1일부터 시행됩니다.
■ The file of the flyer (PDF) must be submitted to the White Valley School District website for approval prior to distribution.
■ 배포 전에 승인을 얻기 위해 전단의 파일(PDF)이 White Valley 학구의 웹사이트에 제출되어야 합니다.
■ Organizations that want to distribute flyers in the school must allow a minimum of five days for approval/denial to be received.
■ 학교에서 전단을 배포하고자 하는 단체는 승인/거부를 받기 위해 최소한 5일의 시간 여유를 두어야 합니다.
■ Hardcopies of the flyers must be provided in bundles of 25 flyers per classroom. (Flyers that are not pre-bundled will not be accepted by schools.)
■ 전단의 인쇄본은 학급당 25매의 전단 묶음으로 제공되어야 합니다. (미리 묶이지 않은 전단은 학교에 의해 받아들여지지 않을 것입니다.)
■ Each organization is asked to limit the number of flyers to one flyer per event.
■ 각각의 단체는 행사당 전단 한 개로 전단의 수를 제한할 것이 요구됩니다.
For questions regarding the guidelines regarding distribution of flyers, please contact us at www.wvschools.org or 716-456-2345.
전단의 배포와 관련된 지침에 관한 질문을 하시려면 www.wvschools.org를 방문하시거나 716-456-2345로 저희에게 연락해 주십시오.
어법문제
Flyer Distribution Guidelines
White Valley School District recognizes the importance of a system to distribute printed flyers that (is/are) environmentally friendly. Therefore the district is working toward (revised/revising) flyer distribution guidelines.
The guidelines are effective from March 1, 2019.
■ The file of the flyer (PDF) must be submitted (to/for) the White Valley School District website (to/for) approval prior to distribution. ■ Organizations that want to distribute flyers in the school must (allow/be allowed) a minimum of five days (for/to) approval/denial to (receive/be received). ■ Hardcopies of the flyers must be provided in bundles of 25 flyers per classroom. (Flyers that are not pre-bundled will not be (accepted by/accepting) schools.) ■ Each organization is asked (to/of) limit the number of flyers to one flyer per event.
For questions (regards/regarding) the guidelines regarding distribution of flyers, please contact (to us/us) at www.wvschools.org or 716-456-2345.
7강 Exercise 04
BARK IN THE PARK
We cordially invite all animal lovers and dog owners to join us for our pet-friendly event, BARK IN THE PARK.
우리는 모든 동물 애호가와 애완견 주인을 애완동물 친화적인 행사인 BARK IN THE PARK에 진심으로 초대합니다.
■ This event is being held Sunday, November 4th from 2:00 p.m.– 4:00 p.m. at the Vienna Dog Park.
■ 이 행사는 Vienna Dog Park에서 11월 4일 일요일 오후 2시부터 오후 4시까지 개최됩니다.
■ Please join us in celebration of our fabulous community and local pet dog organizations.
■ 우리의 멋진 지역 사회 및 지역의 애완견 단체를 축하하는 데 저희와 함께하십시오.
■ This event is free for those interested in playing with their dogs at the dog park.
■ 이 행사는 애완견 전용 공원에서 애완견과 노는 것에 관심이 있는 사람들에게 무료입니다.
■ There will be an area with an obstacle course for the dogs to play leash-free.
■ 애완견이 목줄 없이 놀 수 있는 장애물 코스를 가진 구역이 있을 것입니다.
Join us for this fun and interactive event with your pet.
애완동물과 함께 이 즐거운 교류 행사에 참여하십시오.
The first 35 dogs will receive a free “Bark if you love Vienna” scarf.
(행사에 참가하는) 첫 35마리의 애완견은 ‘Vienna를 사랑한다면 짖어라’라고 씌어 있는 스카프를 무료로 받게 됩니다.
In the event of bad weather, this event will be cancelled. For more information, please call us at (451) 345-4545.
날씨가 나쁠 경우에, 이 행사는 취소될 것입니다. 더 많은 정보를 원하시면, (451) 345-4545로 전화 주십시오.
어법문제
BARK IN THE PARK
We cordially invite all animal lovers and dog owners (joining/to join) us (for/to) our pet-friendly event, BARK IN THE PARK.
■ This event is (being held/holding) Sunday, November 4th from 2:00 p.m.– 4:00 p.m. at the Vienna Dog Park. ■ Please join us in celebration of our fabulous community and local pet dog organizations. ■ This event is free for (those/that) interested in playing with their dogs at the dog park. ■ There will be an area with an obstacle course for the dogs to play leash-free.
Join us for this fun and interactive event with your pet. The first 35 dogs will (be received/receive) a free “Bark if you love Vienna” scarf. In the event of bad weather, this event will (cancel/be cancelled). For more information, please call us at (451) 345-4545.
7강 Exercise 05
2019 NW Acoustic Guitar Competition
2019년 NW 통기타 대회
CONTEST DATES대회 일자 Elimination Round May 11, 1:00 PM예선5월 11일, 오후 1시 Final Round May 18, 2:00 PM결선5월 18일, 오후 2시 REQUIREMENTS자격 요건 - Open to all amateur singers
- 아마추어 가수들은 누구나 참가할 수 있음
- Must be between 15 - 25 years old
- 나이가 15~25세이어야 함
- Must compete in groups of three performers
- 3명의 연주자 그룹을 이루어 참가해야 함
- Must sing their own compositions or any “famous” songs
- 자작곡이나 ‘잘 알려진’ 곡을 불러야 함
- Groups should prepare ONE SONG for the Elimination Round and TWO SONGS for the Final Round, if chosen.
- 그룹은 예선용 ‘한 곡’, 그리고 예선 통과 시 결선용 ‘두 곡’을 준비해야 합니다.
- Deadline for registration submission is February 15.
- 등록 서류 제출 마감일은 2월 15일입니다.
CRITERIA FOR JUDGING심사 기준
Vocal Harmony 40%보컬의 하모니 40% Style & Synchronization 30%(연주의) 스타일과 합주 능력 30% Stage Presence 20%무대 장악력 20% Audience Impact 10%청중 반응 10% PRIZES상 The top three winners will receive $2,000 (First), $1,500 (Second) and $1,000 (Third) respectively.
상위 세 (그룹의) 수상자는 각각 2,000달러(1등), 1,500달러(2등), 1,000달러(3등)를 받게 될 것입니다.
The next seven runners-up will receive $500.
그 다음 일곱 (그룹의)차점자는 500달러를 받게 될 것입니다.
For more information, please call us at (012) 345-6789.
더 많은 정보를 원하시면 (012) 345-6789로 저희에게 전화하세요.
어법문제
2019 NW Acoustic Guitar Competition CONTEST DATES Elimination Round May 11, 1:00 PM Final Round May 18, 2:00 PM REQUIREMENTS - Open to all amateur singers - Must be between 15 - 25 years old - Must compete in groups of three performers - Must sing their own compositions or any “famous” songs - Groups should (prepare/be prepared) ONE SONG for the Elimination Round and TWO SONGS for the Final Round, if (chooses/chosen). - Deadline for registration submission is February 15. CRITERIA FOR JUDGING Vocal Harmony 40% Style & Synchronization 30% Stage Presence 20% Audience Impact 10% PRIZES The top three winners will (receive/be received) $2,000 (First), $1,500 (Second) and $1,000 (Third) (respective/respectively). The next seven runners-up will (be received/receive) $500.
For more information, please call us at (012) 345-6789.
7강 Exercise 06
Verreaux’s sifaka lives in the forest of south-western Madagascar.
Verreaux’s sifaka는 Madagascar 남서쪽 숲에 산다.
This species lives in small groups of up to about 12 individuals.
이 종은 대략 12마리까지의 개체 수로 구성되는 작은 무리를 지어 산다.
Groups contain more or less equal numbers of adult males and females.
무리는 거의 동등한 수의 다 자란 수컷과 암컷을 포함한다.
The group defends a small territory.
무리는 작은 영역을 방어한다.
They use their scent to mark the territory’s boundary.
그들은 영역의 경계를 표시하기 위해 자신의 냄새를 이용한다.
Sifakas mate in December, at the height of the dry season.
sifaka는 건기가 한창인 12월에 짝짓기를 한다.
A single young is born five months later and it is weaned after seven months.
단 한 마리의 새끼가 5개월 후에 태어나며 7개월 후에 젖을 뗀다.
Sifakas move through the trees by leaping.
sifaka는 뛰어올라서 나무들 사이를 헤집고 이동한다.
The distance they can jump is increased slightly by small flaps of skin under the animal’s short forearms.
그들이 점프할 수 있는 거리는 그 동물의 짧은 팔뚝 아래의 작은 날개 모양의 피부에 의해 약간 증대된다.
On the ground, sifakas move by hopping sideways on both hind feet.
땅 위에서, sifaka는 두 개의 뒷발로 옆쪽으로 깡충깡충 뛰어 이동한다.
The forearms are held out to the side for balance.
팔뚝은 균형을 위해 옆쪽으로 내민다.
Verreaux’s sifakas eat all types of plant material apart from the roots.
Verreaux’s sifaka는 뿌리를 제외하고 온갖 종류의 식물성 물질을 먹는다.
In the rainy season they prefer to eat easily digested soft fruits and flowers, but in the dry season they rely on wood, bark and leaves.
우기에는 쉽게 소화되는 부드러운 과일과 꽃을 먹기를 선호하지만 건기에는 나무, 나무껍질과 잎에 의존한다.
어법문제
Verreaux’s sifaka lives (in/on) the forest of south-western Madagascar. This species (lives/live) in small groups of up to about 12 individuals. Groups (are contained/contain) more or less equal numbers of adult males and females. The group defends a small territory. They use their scent (to mark/marking) the territory’s boundary. Sifakas (mate/mating) in December, at the height of the dry season. A single young is born five months later and it is (weaned/weaning) after seven months. Sifakas move through the trees by leaping. The distance they can jump (is/to be) increased slightly by small flaps of skin under the animal’s short forearms. On the ground, sifakas move by hopping sideways on both hind feet. The forearms are (holdin/held) out to the side for balance. Verreaux’s sifakas eat all types of plant material apart from the roots. In the rainy season they prefer to eat easily (digested/digesting) soft fruits and flowers, but in the dry season they rely on wood, bark and leaves.
7강 Exercise 07
As the matriarch of one of America’s first families, Abigail Adams strongly influenced two presidents — her husband, John Adams, and her son John Quincy Adams.
미국의 대통령 일가들 중 한 가문의 여성 가장으로서, Abigail Adams는 두 명의 대통령, 즉 자기 남편 John Adams와 자기 아들 John Quincy Adams에게 강하게 영향을 미쳤다.
She is also recognized as one of the country’s greatest and most productive letter writers.
그녀는 또한 미국에서 편지를 가장 훌륭하게, 그리고 가장 많이 쓴 사람 중의 한 명으로 인정받고 있다.
Abigail was born on November 11, 1744, in Weymouth, Massachusetts.
Abigail은 1744년 11월 11일 매사추세츠 주 Weymouth에서 태어났다.
One of three daughters of a Congregational minister, William Smith, and his wife, Elizabeth, Abigail was a sickly child and was unable to attend school.
회중파교회의 목사 William Smith와 그의 아내인 Elizabeth의 세 딸들 중 한 명인 Abigail은 몸이 허약한 아이여서 학교에 다닐 수 없었다.
Small, quiet, and reserved, with piercing dark eyes, she was also strong-willed and had a quick and curious mind.
(몸집이) 자그마하고, 조용하고, 내성적이며, 꿰뚫어 보는 듯한 검은 눈을 가진 그녀는 또한 의지가 강하고 이해가 빠르며 호기심이 많았다.
In spite of her lack of formal schooling, Abigail was a voracious reader who took advantage of her father’s well-stocked library to study literature, history, and philosophy.
정규 학교 교육을 받지 못했음에도 불구하고, Abigail은 문학, 역사, 철학을 공부하기 위해 책이 잘 갖춰진 아버지의 서재를 이용한 독서광이었다.
She taught herself French and was tutored by her maternal grandmother, whom she adored and who favored a “happy method of mixing instruction and amusement together.”
그녀는 독학으로 프랑스어를 배웠고, 그녀가 아주 좋아했던 그리고 ‘가르침과 놀이를 함께 하는 행복한 방법’을 선호했던 외할머니의 개인 지도를 받았다.
어법문제
As the matriarch of one of America’s first families, Abigail Adams strongly (was influenced/influenced) two presidents — her husband, John Adams, and her son John Quincy Adams. She is also (recognized/recognizing) as one of the country’s greatest and most productive letter (writer/writers). Abigail was born on November 11, 1744, in Weymouth, Massachusetts. One of three daughters of a Congregational minister, William Smith, and his wife, Elizabeth, Abigail was a sickly child and was unable to attend school. Small, quiet, and reserved, with (pierced/piercing) dark eyes, she was also strong-willed and had a quick and curious mind. In spite of her lack of formal schooling, Abigail was a voracious reader who (was taken/took) advantage of her father’s well-stocked library to study literature, history, and philosophy. She taught herself French and was (tutored by/tutoring) her maternal grandmother, whom she adored and who favored a “happy method of (mixed/mixing) instruction and amusement together.”
7강 Exercise 08
DC THANKSGIVING FOOD DRIVE
DC 추수감사절 음식 기부 운동
Your support will help fill people with hope during this Thanksgiving season.
여러분의 후원이 이번 추수감사절 시즌 동안 사람들을 희망으로 채워주는 데 도움이 될 것입니다.
Please fill this bag with non-perishable food items and place it on your doorstep for pick-up on Saturday, September 15th by 9:30 am.
상하지 않는 식품으로 이 봉투를 채워서 9월 15일 토요일 오전 9:30까지 (저희가) 가지고 갈 수 있도록 문간에 놓아주십시오.
We will NOT ring your doorbell on collection day.
수거하는 날 초인종을 누르지 ‘않을’ 것입니다.
We do not solicit financial donations.
금전적 기부를 간청하지 않습니다.
Your contribution will go directly to your local food bank.
여러분이 기부한 것(음식)은 지역 푸드뱅크로 직접 전달될 것입니다.
For more information, please visit http://www.dctfooddrive.org. If your donation is not picked up by 1:00 pm, or for further information, please call: 250-624-2354.
더 많은 정보를 원하시면, http://www.dctfooddrive.org에 방문하시기 바랍니다.여러분의 기부 물품이 오후 1시까지 수거되지 않거나 추가 정보를 원하시면, 250-624-2354로 전화 주십시오.
Suggested Donation Items: pasta sauce, oats, rice, pasta, canned vegetables, canned fish or meat, ramen noodles, beans (brown), etc.
Your support will help fill people with hope during this Thanksgiving season. Please fill this bag with non-perishable food itemsand (placing/place) it on your doorstep for pick-upon Saturday, September 15th by 9:30 am.
We will NOT ring your doorbell on collection day. We do not solicit financial donations. Your contribution will go directly to your local food bank.
For more information, please visit http://www.dctfooddrive.org. If your donation is not (picking/picked) up by 1:00 pm,or for further information, please call: 250-624-2354.
Suggested Donation Items: pasta sauce, oats, rice, pasta, canned vegetables, canned fish or meat, ramen noodles, beans (brown), etc.
A defining element of catastrophes is the magnitude of their harmful consequences.
큰 재해를 정의하는 요소 하나는 그 해로운 결과의 거대한 규모이다.
To help societies prevent or reduce damage from catastrophes, a huge amount of effort and technological sophistication are often employed to assess and communicate the size and scope of potential or actual losses.
사회가 큰 재해로부터 오는 손실을 방지하거나 줄이는 데 도움을 주기 위해서, 잠재적 혹은 실제적 손실의 규모와 범위를 산정하고 전달하기 위한 대단히 큰 노력과 기술적인 정교한 지식이 자주 사용된다.
This effort assumes that people can understand the resulting numbers and act on them appropriately.
이 노력은 사람들이 그 결과로 생기는 수를 이해할 수 있고 그에 의거하여 적절하게 행동할 수 있다는 것을 가정한다.
However, recent behavioral research casts doubt on this fundamental assumption.
그러나 최근의 행동 연구는 이러한 근본적인 가정에 의혹을 던진다.
Many people do not understand large numbers.
큰 수를 이해하지 못하는 사람들이 많다.
Indeed, large numbers have been found to lack meaning and to be underestimated in decisions unless they convey affect (feeling).
사실상 큰 수는 정서적 반응(감정)을 전달하지 않는다면 의미가 없으며 결정을 할 때 과소평가된다는 것이 밝혀졌다.
This creates a paradox that rational models of decision making fail to represent.
이것은 의사 결정의 이성적인 모델이 표현하지 못하는 역설을 만들어 낸다.
On the one hand, we respond strongly to aid a single individual in need.
한편으로 우리는 곤궁한 상태에 빠진 한 사람을 돕기 위하여 강렬하게 반응한다.
On the other hand, we often fail to prevent mass tragedies or take appropriate measures to reduce potential losses from natural disasters.
다른 한편으로 우리는 대량의 비극을 방지하거나 자연재해로부터 잠재적인 손실을 줄이기 위한 적절한 조치를 하지 못할 때가 흔히 있다.
어법문제
A (defined/defining) element of catastrophes is the magnitude of their harmful consequences. To help societies (preventing/prevent) or (reducing/reduce) damage from catastrophes, a huge amount of effort and technological sophistication are often (employed/employing) to assess and communicate the size and scope of potential or actual losses. This effort assumes that people can understand the resulting numbers and act on them (appropriately/appropriate). However, recent behavioral research (casts/casting) doubt on this fundamental assumption. Many people do not understand large numbers. Indeed, large numbers have (found/been found) to lack meaning and to be underestimated in decisions (if/unless) they convey affect (feeling). This creates a paradox that rational models of decision making (fail/failed) to represent. On the one hand, we respond strongly (aid/to aid) a single individual in need. On the other hand, we often fail to prevent mass tragedies or (take/taken) appropriate measures to reduce potential losses from natural disasters.
5강 Exercise 01
One of the next major waves of medical advancement will be in the development of genomic sequencing, which will help doctors sequence human DNA to discover the precise cause of an illness, and develop a specific treatment for it.
다음에 다가올 의학 발전의 주요 물결 중 하나는 게놈 배열 순서를 밝히는 일의 발전에 있을 터인데, 이것은 의사들이 질병의 정확한 원인을 발견하고 그것(질병)에 대한 특정한 치료별을 개발하기 위해 인간의 DNA의 배열 순서를 밝히는데 도움을 줄 것이다.
Experts believe this process will be easy to commercialize relatively quickly, as sequencing gets cheaper.
전문가들은 배열 순서를 밝히는 작업의 비용이 더 저렴해 지면서 비교적 빠르게 이 과정을 상용화하는 것이 쉬워질 것으로 믿고 있다.
Using advances in genomic research, scientists are developing blood tests that can detect cancer, while also beginning to apply academic research to real-world scenarios.
게놈 연구의 발전을 이용하여, 과학자들은 암을 발견할 수 있는 혈액 검사를 개발하는 한편, 또한 실생활의 시나리오에 학술적 연구를 적용하기 시작하고 있다.
As researchers get better at identifying the specific genes that are mutating and causing cancer, drug companies will need to produce medications that address these problems more quickly.
연구원들이 돌연변이를 일으키고 암을 유발하는 특정 유전자를 더 잘 규명함에 따라, 제약 회사들은 이러한 문제들을 더 빨리 다룰 약을 생산해야 할 것이다.
In the next decades, scientists expect to have more specialized “precision medicines’ to treat cancer.
향후 10년 안에, 과학자들은 암을 치료할 수 있는 더 전문화된 “정밀약품”을 갖게 될 것으로 기대하고 있다.
어법문제
One of the next major waves of medical advancement will be in the development of genomic sequencing, (which/that) will help doctors sequence human DNA (to discover/discovering) the precise cause of an illness, and develop a specific treatment for it. Experts believe this process will be easy to commercialize (relative/relatively) quickly, as sequencing gets cheaper. Using advances in genomic research, scientists are (developed/developing) blood tests that can detect cancer, (while/during) also beginning to apply academic research to real-world scenarios. As researchers get better at identifying the specific genes that (is/are) mutating and causing cancer, drug companies will need to produce medications that (address/addresses) these problems more quickly. In the next decades, scientists expect to have more (specialized/speciality) “precision medicines’ to treat cancer.
5강 Exercise 02
Though we cannot choose most of the challenges we face in life, we can choose how we’re going to face them.
우리가 삶에서 직면하는 어려움들의 대부분을 선택할 수는 없지만, 우리는 어떻게 그것에 대항할 것인지는 선택할 수 있다.
Are we going to have a bad experience, crumble under pressure, run away, or avoid challenges altogether?
우리는 나쁜 경험을 할 것인가, 그 압박에 무너질 것인가, 도망갈 것인가 아니면 어려움을 모두 피할 것인가?
Or are we going to find the strength and inner resources to rise to the challenges and fully actualize our potential?
아니면 우리가 힘과 내적 잠재력을 찾아내어 그 어려운 문제에 대처하고 우리의 잠재력을 완전히 발휘할 것인가?
That’s the term psychologists use for becoming the person you are meant to be — actualize your potential.
그것, 즉 잠재력을 발휘한다는 것은 심리학자들이 응당 여러분이 되어야 하는 사람에 되는데 사용하는 용어이다.
Facing your teenage years in the right way will give you this opportunity.
올바른 방식으로 여러분의 10대 시절과 마주하는 것은 여러분에게 이런 기회를 줄 것이다.
When you face the challenge before you right now, learn from them and grow with them, you become that person.
여러분이 지금 당장 여러분 앞의 어려움에 맞서고, 그것들로부터 배우고, 그것들과 함께 성장할 때, 여러분은 그런 사람이 된다.
The challenges in your life require you to call on the inner resources residing deep inside you.
여러분의 삶의 어려움들은 여러분이 여러분의 내면 깊은 곳에 자리하고 있는 내적 자질을 드러내기를 요구한다.
By doing that, you come to know yourself and to develop your innate capacities.
그렇게 함으로써, 여러분 자신을 알고 여러분의 타고난 능력을 키우게 된다.
That is what we meant by actualizing your potential, and being challenged presents you with the opportunities to do it.
그것이 우리가 말하는 여러분의 잠재력을 발휘한다는 것이고, 어려움에 처하는 것은 여러분에게 그렇게 할 기회를 제공한다.
어법문제
Though we cannot choose most of the challenges we (face/facing) in life, we can choose how we’re going to face them. Are we going to have a bad experience, crumble under pressure, run away, or avoid challenges altogether? Or are we going to find the strength and inner resources to rise to the challenges and (full/fully) actualize our potential? That’s the term psychologists use for becoming the person you (mean/are meant) to be — actualize your potential. Facing your teenage years in the right way will give you (to/x) this opportunity. When you face the challenge before you right now, (learn/learning) from them and grow with them, you become that person. The challenges in your life require you (to call/calling) on the inner resources (residing/reside) deep inside you. By doing that, you come to know yourself and (developing/to develop) your innate capacities. That is what we meant by actualizing your potential, and (being / x) challenged presents you with the opportunities to do it.
5강 Exercise 03
Social Media facilitates price comparison on the part of consumers, thus making them more aware of online and in-store discounts and subsequently encouraging consumer price sensitivity.
소셜 미디어는 소비자 측의 가격 비교를 용이하게 하여 소비자들이 온라인 (및 매장 내) 할인을 더욱 잘 인식하게 하고 그 결과 소비자 가격 민감도를 촉진한다.
What makes the social media space even more effective is the fact that not only do marketers have a new medium through which to share pricing and promotion information, but quite often it is one’s friends, family or other connections who are passing along price and promotion information from brands.
소셜 미디어 공간을 더욱 효과적으로 만드는 것은 마케팅 담당자들이 가격 책정과 홍보 정보를 공유할 수 있는 새로운 매체를 가질 뿐만 아니라, 아주 흔하게 브랜드들의 가격과 홍보 정보를 전달하는 것이 바로 우리 자신의 친구, 가족, 혹은 다른 인척들이라는 사실이다.
When deals are activated by a consumer, he/she is given the opportunity to share their deal experience with specific individuals via email or more broadly via social media platforms.
거래가 소비자에 의해 활성화되면, 그 소비자는 전자 메일을 통해 혹은 더욱 광범위하게 소셜 미디어 플랫폼을 통해서 자신의 거래 경험을 특정한 개인들과 공유할 기회를 가지게 된다.
Given the influence of word-of mouth information, this is even more impactful as a source.
입소문 정보의 영향을 고려하면, 이것은 정보원으로서 훨씬 더 영향력이 강하다.
어법문제
Social Media (is facilitated/facilitates) price comparison on the part of consumers, thus (making/make) them more aware of online and in-store discounts and subsequently (encouraging/encouraged) consumer price sensitivity. What makes the social media space even more effective is the fact that not only (do/are) marketers have a new medium through (which/where) to share pricing and promotion information, but quite often it is one’s friends, family or other connections (who/which) are passing along price and promotion information from brands. When deals are (activating/activated) by a consumer, he/she is given the opportunity (to share/sharing) their deal experience with specific individuals via email or more (broad/broadly) via social media platforms. Given the influence of word-of mouth information, this is even more impactful as a source.
5강 Exercise 04
In certain malls, there is a fair amount of sunlight that comes in from a central skylight or a few strategically placed skylights.
어떤 쇼핑센터에서는 중앙 천장 채광창이나 몇 개의 전략적으로 배치된 천장 채광창에서 들어오는 햇빛의 양이 상당하다.
Most mall developers refuse to use the true outside world in any significant way, one fearing that this may encourage the shopper to want to leave the mall and go elsewhere ㅡ to another world.
대부분의 쇼핑센터 개발업자는 실물 그대로의 외부 세계를 의미 있게 사용하기를 거부하는데, 어떤 개발업자는 이것(실물 그대로의 외부 세계를 의미 있게 사용하는 것)이 쇼핑객에게 그 쇼핑센터를 떠나 다른 곳, 즉 다른 세상으로 가고 싶은 마음이 들게 할 수 있다고 염려한다.
The notion of shopping as theater or “retail drama” kicks in at this point.
연극으로서의 쇼핑 혹은 ‘소매 드라마’라는 개념이 이 지점에서 효력을 발휘하기 시작한다.
“The idea,” according to Laura Byrne Paquet, “is to replicate the artificial feeling of a theater or a Hollywood sound stage, where shoppers can be the stars of their own show.”
Laura Byrne Paquet에 따르면, “그 생각은 극장이나 할리우드의 방음 스튜디오의 인위적인 느낌을 복제하려는 것인데, 그곳에서 쇼핑객은 자기 방송 프로의 인기 스타가 될 수 있다.”
This concept is carried forth in a phenomenal way; if the shoppers and others are “part of the cast” there is the archway as a stage and the ability to try on “costumes,” touch “props” and in general, engage in the dramatic ritual of shopping.
이 개념은 경이롭게 실행되는데, 만일 쇼핑객들과 여타의 사람들이 ‘출연진의 일원’이라면, 무대로서의 아치 및 통로가 있으니, ‘(무대) 의상’을 입어보고, ‘소품’을 만져보며, 전반적으로 쇼핑의 드라마적 의식에 참여하는 능력이 생긴다.
어법문제
In certain malls, there is a (fair/fairly) amount of sunlight that (came/comes) in from a central skylight or a few strategically (placed/placing) skylights. Most mall developers refuse (using/to use) the true outside world in any significant way, one (fearing/fears) that this may encourage the shopper (to want/wanting) to leave the mall and go elsewhere ㅡ to another world. The notion of shopping as theater or “retail drama” kicks in at this point. “The idea,” according to Laura Byrne Paquet, “is to replicate the artificial feeling of a theater or a Hollywood sound stage, (where/which) shoppers can be the stars of their own show.” This concept is (carrying/carried) forth in a phenomenal way; if the shoppers and others (are/were) “part of the cast” there is the archway as a stage and the ability to try on “costumes,” touch “props” and in general, (engaging/engage) in the dramatic ritual of shopping.
5강 Exercise 05
In the Great Bear Rainforest, the bears drag salmon into the forest, where insects and fungi turn the salmon into food for the trees, which then provide homes to birds in their branches and to wolves in dens under their roots.
Great Bear Rainforest에서 곰들은 연어를 숲속으로 끌고 가고, 숲에서는 곤충과 균류가 연어를 나무의 먹이로 만들며, 그런 다음 나무는 가지 안에 새들의 집을, 뿌리 밑 굴 안에 늑대의 집을 제공한다.
When a tree falls over in a big windstorm, berry bushes grow on the fallen tree and insects decompose the wood.
나무가 큰 폭풍에 쓰러지면, 산딸기 덤불이 쓰러진 나무 위에서 자라며 벌레가 목재를 분해한다.
Bears eat the berries and also insects such as ants and termites that live in the fallen log.
곰은 산딸기류와 쓰러진 통나무 안에 사는 개미와 흰개미 같은 곤충을 먹기도 한다.
Sometimes wolves eat bears, but mostly they eat salmon and the deer that live among the big trees.
때로는 늑대가 곰을 먹지만 대부분은 연어와 큰 나무들 사이에서 사는 사슴을 먹는다.
People also eat salmon and deer, and use the bark and wood of the cedar trees. Changes to one part of this ecosystem, even a small part, have consequences for everything else.
사람들도 연어와 사슴을 먹으며 삼나무의 껍질과 목재를 사용한다. 이 생태계의 한 부분, 심지어 작은 부분에서의 변화는 다른 모든 것에 영향을 미친다.
Our future cannot be separated from the future of the rainforest.
우리의 미래는 토양의 곤충과 열대 우림의 개구리와 연어의 미래와 분리될 수 없다.
어법문제
In the Great Bear Rainforest, the bears drag salmon into the forest, (which/where) insects and fungi turn the salmon into food for the trees, (where/which) then provide homes to birds in their branches and to wolves in dens under their roots. When a tree falls over in a big windstorm, berry bushes (grow/growing) on the fallen tree and insects decompose the wood. Bears eat the berries and also insects such as ants and termites (that/who) live in the fallen log. Sometimes wolves eat bears, but (mostly/most) they eat salmon and the deer that (live/living) among the big trees. People also eat salmon and deer, and use the bark and wood of the cedar trees. Changes to one part of this ecosystem, even a small part, (have/having) consequences for everything else. Our future cannot (separates/be separated) from the future of the rainforest.
5강 Exercise 06
Aristotle said, “We are what we repeatedly do.
아리스토텔레스는 “우리가 반복적으로 행하는 것이 우리 자신이다.
Excellence, then, is not an act but a habit.”
그렇다면 탁월함은 행동이 아닌 습관인 것이다.”라고 말했다.
Developing conscious habits is a tool to achieve an integrated life.
의식적인 습관을 익히는 것은 원만한 삶을 이루는 도구이다.
Developing good or productive habits and eliminating bad or destructive habits involves looking at what you need to implement in your life, as well as what you need to eliminate.
좋거나 생산적인 습관을 익히고 나쁘거나 파괴적인 습관을 없애는 것은 여러분이 여러분의 삶에서 무엇을 없앨 필요가 있는지 뿐만 아니라 무엇을 실행할 필요가 있는지 살펴보는 것을 수반한다.
Stephen Covey says, “Our character basically is a composite of our habits.”
Stephen Covey는 “우리의 품성은 기본적으로 우리의 습관들이 합쳐진 것이다.”라고 말한다.
Take a look at your habits and ask yourself what is moving you closer to your goals and what is moving you away from them.
자신의 습관을 살펴보고 무엇이 여러분을 여러분의 목표에 더 다가가게 하는지 그리고 무엇이 여러분을 그것으로부터 멀어지게 하는지 스스로에게 물어보라.
Understand that it takes 21 days to begin a new habit (that’s 21 consecutive days, so yes, every time you do something new ... or choose not to ... it does make a difference), so this relatively painful process of change isn’t indefinite, it just takes a few weeks ㅡ
새로운 습관을 시작하는 데 21일이 걸린다는 것을 이해하라. (그것은 연속적인 21일이다. 그렇다. 여러분이 새로운 것을 할 때마다 ...또는 ...을 하지 않기로 선택할 때마다, 그것이 차이를 만든다) 그래서 이 비교적 고통스러운 변화의 과정은 무한하지 않고, 단 몇 주가 걸릴 뿐이다.
and on the 22nd day, it will actually be harder for you to not do your new habit than it will be to continue doing it.
그리고 22번째 되는 날, 여러분이 새로운 습관을 지속하는 것보다 그것을 하지 않는 것이 실제로 더 어려울 것이다.
어법문제
Aristotle said, “We are what we repeatedly (do/are done). Excellence, then, is not an act but a habit.” (Developing/Developed) conscious habits is a tool to achieve an (integrating/integrated) life. Developing good or productive habits and (eliminating/eliminate) bad or destructive habits involves looking at what you need to implement in your life, as well as what you need to eliminate. Stephen Covey says, “Our character (basically/basic) is a composite of our habits.” Take a look at your habits and ask yourself (who/what) is moving you closer to your goals and what is moving you away from them. Understand that (what/it) takes 21 days to begin a new habit (that’s 21 consecutive days, so yes, every time you do something new ... or choose not to ... it does make a difference), so this relatively painful process of change (isn’t/doesn't) indefinite, it just takes a few weeks ㅡ and on the 22nd day, it will actually be harder (of/for) you to not do your new habit than it will be to continue doing it.
5강 Exercise 07
Globalization drives the culture of fast fashion.
세계화는 패스트패션 문화를 추진 동력이다.
Currently, there is also a lightly different drive to promote the idea of transitioning to slow fashion.
현재, 슬로패션으로 이동하려는 생각을 촉진하는 조금 다른 추진 동력도 있다.
However, this gradual shift requires time, measured not in months or years but in decades or generations.
그러나, 이 점진적인 변화는 시간을 필요로 하며, 몇 달 혹은 몇 년이 아니라 수십 년이나 수 세대 단위로 측정된다.
Recycling and remanufacturing which do not equate with models in nature always lead to a question mark.
자연의 모델과 동일하지 않은 재활용과 재생은 언제나 의문 부호로 이어진다.
Therefore, a different approach to address the challenges facing sustainable fashion is absolutely necessary.
그러므로, 지속가능한 패션이 직면한 어려운 문제들을 다루기 위한 또 다른 접근법이 절대적으로 필요하다.
We suggest the shift should be directed towards nature.
우리는 그 변화가 자연을 향해야 한다고 권고한다.
We must try and discover the mechanisms that drive nature’s incessant creation of organisms without piling up mountains of waste.
우리는 산더미같은 쓰레기를 쌓아올리지 않고서 자연이 끊임없이 유기체를 만들어 내게 하는 메카니즘을 찾으려고 노력해야 한다.
Researchers have already begun the study of biodegradation, mineralization and biomass formation, which is nature’s way of creating zero waste.
연구자들은 이미 생물 분해, 무기질화 그리고 생물량 형성에 관한 연구를 시작했는데, 이는 쓰레기를 만들어내지 않는 자연의 방법이다.
Discovery of the laws of zero waste in nature could then be mimicked in the production of fast-compostable textile fibres.
자연에서 쓰레기 제로의 법칙을 발견하는 것은 빠르게 퇴비화될 수 있는 직물 섬유의 생산에 모방될 수 있을 것이다.
어법문제
Globalization (is driven by/drives) the culture of fast fashion. Currently, there is also a lightly different (drive/driving) to promote the idea of transitioning to slow fashion. However, this gradual shift requires time, (measured/measuring) not in months or years but in decades or generations. Recycling and remanufacturing (where/which) do not equate with models in nature always (lead/led) to a question mark. Therefore, a different approach to address the challenges (facing/faced) sustainable fashion (is/are) absolutely necessary. We suggest the shift should (be directed/direct) towards nature. We must try and discover the mechanisms (that/what) drive nature’s incessant creation of organisms without piling up mountains of waste. Researchers have already begun the study of biodegradation, mineralization and biomass formation, (which/that) is nature’s way of creating zero waste. Discovery of the laws of zero waste in nature could then (be mimicked/mimic) in the production of fast-compostable textile fibres.
5강 Exercise 08
Praise that arouses delight and pride in a baby and toddler can have very different effects on older children, particularly in the classroom.
아기와 걸음마를 배우는 아이에 기쁨과 자부심을 불러일으키는 칭찬은 나이가 더 든 어린이들에게, 특히 교실에서는, 아주 다른 영향을 미칠 수 있다.
When Roy Baumeister studied the effects of praise, he found that it generated more anxiety than pleasure in school-aged children.
Roy Baumeister가 칭찬의 영향에 대해 연구했을 때, 그는 그것이 학령기의 아이들에게는 기쁨보다는 불안감을 더 만들어 낸다는 것을 발견했다.
Children accustomed to the background hum of praise seemed to become dependent on praise to initiate any activity.
칭찬이라는 배경 소음에 익숙해 있는 어린이들은 어떤 활동을 시작하려면 칭찬에 의존하게 되는[칭찬이 있어야 하는] 것처럼 보였다.
A child who was accustomed to classroom praise spend less time focusing on a project and soon stopped working to wait for a teacher’s assessment.
교실 칭찬에 익숙해진 어린이는 프로젝트에 집중하는 데에는 시간을 적게 보냈고 곧 교사의 평가를 기다리기 위해서 곧 작업을 멈췄다.
Praise seemed to hinder concentration, too.
또한, 칭찬은 집중을 방해하는 것처럼 보였다.
Children’s absorption in a task (often called flow) seemed to be disrupted by the reminder that someone was watching.
어린이가 과제에 몰두하는 것(많은 경우 ‘몰입’이라고 하는데)은 누가 보고 있다는 것이 상기됨으로써 방해를 받는 것 같았다.
When they were singing or playing an instrument, swimming or hitting a ball, or doing anything that involved deep skills run on autopilot, their performance was particularly badly affected by praise.
그들이 노래를 하거나 악기를 연주하거나, 수영을 하거나 공을 치거나, 또는 자동으로 작동되는 심오한 기술과 관련된 어떤 것이든 할 때, 그들의 수행은 칭찬에 의해 매우 나쁘게 영향을 받았다.
어법문제
Praise that (arouses/rouses) delight and pride in a baby and toddler can have very different effects on older children, particularly in the classroom. When Roy Baumeister studied the effects of praise, he found that it (generated/generating) more anxiety than pleasure in school-aged children. Children (accustomed/accustoming) to the background hum of praise seemed to become dependent on praise to initiate any activity. A child who (was accustomed/accustomed) to classroom praise spend less time (focusing/focused) on a project and soon stopped (working/to work) to wait for a teacher’s assessment. Praise seemed to hinder concentration, too. Children’s absorption in a task (often called flow) seemed to (be disrupted by/disrupt) the reminder that someone was watching. When they were singing or playing an instrument, swimming or hitting a ball, or doing anything that involved deep skills run on autopilot, their performance was particularly (badly/bad) affected by praise.
