초등 중등 고등 영어 자료실

31. 변형 문제 - 문맥상/어법상 알맞은 단어는?

Some people have defined wildlife damage management as the science and management of overabundant species, but this definition is too (narrow/wide). All wildlife species act in ways that harm human interests. Thus, all species cause wildlife damage, not just overabundant (ones/them). One interesting example of this involves endangered peregrine falcons in California, (where/which) prey on another endangered species, the California least tern. Certainly, we would not consider peregrine falcons (as/for) being overabundant, but we wish that they would not feed on an endangered species. In this case, one of the negative values (associated/associating) with a peregrine falcon population is that its predation reduces the population of another endangered species. The goal of wildlife damage management in this case would be to stop the falcons (from eating/to eat) the terns without (harming/benefitting) the falcons.

32. 어법 선택 

Through recent decades academic archaeologists have (been urged/urged) to conduct their research and excavations according to hypothesis-testing procedures. It has (been argued/been argueing) that we should construct our general theories, (deduced/deduce) testable propositions and prove or disprove them against the sampled data. In fact, the application of this ‘scientific method’ often (ran/running) into difficulties. The data have a tendency to lead to unexpected questions, problems and issues. Thus, archaeologists (claim/claiming) to follow hypothesis-testing procedures found themselves having to create a fiction. In practice, their work and theoretical conclusions (partly/part) from the data which they had discovered (developed/developing). In other words, they already knew the data (what/when) they decided upon an interpretation. But in presenting their work they rewrote the script, (placed/placing) the theory first and claiming to have tested it against data (when/which) they discovered, as in an experiment under laboratory conditions.

33. 변형 문제 - 순서 배열 

Digital technology accelerates dematerialization by hastening the migration from products to services. 

(A) Material goods infused with bits increasingly act as if they were intangible services. Nouns morph to verbs. Hardware behaves like software. In Silicon Valley they say it like this: “Software eats everything.” 

(B) The tangible is replaced by intangibles ― intangibles like better design, innovative processes, smart chips, and eventually online connectivity ― that do the work that more aluminum atoms used to do. Soft things, like intelligence, are thus embedded into hard things, like aluminum, that make hard things behave more like software.  

(C) The liquid nature of services means they don’t have to be bound to materials. But dematerialization is not just about digital goods. The reason even solid physical goods ― like a soda can ― can deliver more benefits while inhabiting less material is because their heavy atoms are substituted by weightless bits. 

34.  변형 문제 - 주어진 문장이 들어갈 곳은?

[ Yet while these Golden Rules encourage an agent to care for an other, they do not require abandoning self-concern altogether. ]

Not all Golden Rules are alike; two kinds emerged over time. (1) The negative version instructs restraint; the positive encourages intervention. One sets a baseline of at least not causing harm; the other points toward aspirational or idealized beneficent behavior. (2) While examples of these rules abound, too many to list exhaustively, let these versions suffice for our purpose here: “What is hateful to you do not do to another” and “Love another as yourself.” (3) Both versions insist on caring for others, whether through acts of omission, such as not injuring, or through acts of commission, by actively intervening. (4) The purposeful displacement of concern away from the ego nonetheless remains partly self-referential. (5) Both the negative and the positive versions invoke the ego as the fundamental measure against which behaviors are to be evaluated. 

35. 어법 선택 

When a dog is trained to (detect/be detected) drugs, explosives, contraband, or other items, the trainer doesn’t actually teach the dog (what/how) to smell; the dog already knows how to discriminate one scent from (other/another). Rather, the dog is trained to become emotionally aroused by one smell versus another. In the step-by-step training process, the trainer attaches an “emotional charge” to a particular scent (because/so that) the dog is drawn to it above all others. And then the dog is trained to search out the (desiring/desired) item on cue, so that the trainer can control or (release/released) the behavior. This emotional arousal is also (why/how) playing tug with a dog is a more powerful emotional reward in a training regime than just giving a dog a food treat, (since/although) the trainer invests more emotion into a game of tug. From a dog’s point of view, the tug toy is (compelling/compelled) because the trainer is “upset” by the toy. 

36.  어법 선택 

Notation was more than a practical method for (preserving/being preserved) an expanding repertoire of music. It changed the nature of the art itself. (To write/Write) something down means that people far away in space and time can re-create it. At the same time, there are downsides. (Written/Writing) notes freeze the music rather than allowing it (developing/to develop) in the hands of individuals, and it discourages improvisation. Partly because of notation, modern classical performance (lacks/lacking) the depth of nuance that is part of aural tradition. Before notation (arrived/arriving), in all history music was largely carried on as an aural tradition. Most world music is still (basical/basically) aural, including sophisticated musical traditions such as Indian and Balinese. Most jazz musicians can read music but often don’t bother, and their art is (many/much) involved with improvisation. Many modern pop musicians, one example (being/is) Paul McCartney, can’t read music at all.

37.  변형 문제 - 빈칸 문제 

Marshall McLuhan, among others, noted that clothes are people’s extended skin, wheels extended feet, camera and telescopes extended eyes. Our technological creations are great extrapolations of the bodies that our genes build. (B) In this way, we can think of technology as our extended body. During the industrial age it was easy to see the world this way. Steam-powered shovels, locomotives, television, and the levers and gears of engineers were a fabulous exoskeleton that turned man into superman. (C) A closer look reveals the flaw in this analogy: The extended costume of animals is the result of their genes. They inherit the basic blueprints of what they make. Humans don’t. (A) The blueprints for our shells spring from our minds, which may spontaneously create something none of our ancestors ever made or even imagined. If technology is an extension of humans, it is not an extension of our genes but of our          . Technology is therefore the extended body for ideas. 

(1) goals

(2) minds

(3) bodies

(4) worries

(5) greed

38. 변형 문제 -빈칸 문제 

We seek out feel-good experiences, always on the lookout for the next holiday, purchase or culinary experience. This approach to happiness is relatively recent; it depends on our capacity both to pad our lives with material pleasures and to feel that we can control our suffering. Painkillers, as we know them today, are a relatively recent invention and access to material comfort is now within reach of a much larger proportion of the world’s population. These technological and economic advances have had significant cultural implications, leading us to see our negative experiences as a problem and maximizing our positive experiences as the answer. Yet, through this we have forgotten that being happy in life is not just about pleasure. Comfort, contentment and satisfaction have never been the elixir of happiness. Rather, happiness is often found in those moments we are                                        . Happiness is there, on the edges of these experiences, and when we get a glimpse of that kind of happiness it is powerful, transcendent and compelling.

(1) challenged by some burdens

(2) extremely sad

(3) most vulnerable, alone or in pain

(4) achieved hard work

(5) terribly upset

39. 어법 선택 

Whispering galleries (are/is) remarkable acoustic spaces found beneath (certainly/certain) domes or curved ceilings. A famous one is located outside a well-known restaurant in New York City’s Grand Central Station. It’s a fun place to take a date: the two of you can exchange romantic words (while/during) you’re forty feet apart and (separating/separated by) a busy passageway. You’ll hear each other clearly, but the passersby won’t hear a word you’re saying. (To produce/produce) this effect, the two of you should stand at (diagonal/diagonally) opposite corners of the space, facing the wall. That puts you each near a focus, a special point (at which/which) the sound of your voice gets focused as it reflects off the passageway’s curved walls and ceiling. Ordinarily, the sound waves you produce travel in all directions and (bounce/bounced) off the walls at different times and places, scrambling them so much that they are inaudible (where/when) they arrive at the ear of a listener forty feet away. But when you whisper at a focus, the (reflecting/reflected) waves all arrive at the same time at the other focus, thus reinforcing one another and (allowing/allows) your words to be heard. 

40. 어법 선택 

After the United Nations environmental conference in Rio de Janeiro in 1992 (made/making) the term “sustainability” widely known around the world, the word became a popular buzzword by (those/that) who wanted to be seen as pro-environmental but who did not really intend to change their behavior. It became a public relations term, an attempt to (see/be seen) as abreast with the latest thinking of (what/that) we must do to save our planet from widespread harm. But then, in a decade or so, some governments, industries, educational institutions, and organizations started to use the term in a serious manner. In the United States (a/the) number of large corporations appointed a vice president for sustainability. Not only (did/were) these officials interested in how their companies could profit by producing “green” products, (and/but) they were often given the task of making the company more efficient by reducing wastes and pollution and by reducing its carbon emissions. 

[41-42] 변형 문제 - 빈칸 문제

Aristotle did not think that all human beings should be allowed to engage in political activity: in his system, women, slaves, and foreigners were explicitly (a) excluded from the right to rule themselves and others. Nevertheless, his basic idea that politics is a unique collective activity that is directed at certain (b) common goals and ends still resonates today. But which ends? Many thinkers and political figures since the ancient world have developed different ideas about the goals that politics can or should achieve. This approach is known as political moralism. For moralists, political life is a branch of ethics ― or moral philosophy ― so it is (c) unsurprising that there are many philosophers in the group of moralistic political thinkers. Political moralists argue that politics should be directed toward achieving substantial goals, or that political arrangements should be organized to (d) protect certain things. Among these things are political values such as justice, equality, liberty, happiness, fraternity, or national self-determination. At its most radical, moralism produces descriptions of ideal political societies known as Utopias, named after English statesman and philosopher Thomas More’s book Utopia, published in 1516, which imagined an ideal nation. Utopian political thinking dates back to the ancient Greek philosopher Plato’s book the Republic, but it is still used by modern thinkers such as Robert Nozick to explore ideas. Some theorists consider Utopian political thinking to be a (e) promising undertaking, since it has led in the past to justifications of totalitarian violence. However, at its best, Utopian thinking is part of a process of striving toward a better society, and many thinkers use it to suggest values to be                           .

(1) ignored or neglected 

(2) pursued or protected

(3) connected or concerned 

(4) admired or loved

(5) discriminated or separated 

[43～45] 어법 선택 

(A) When Master Brooks played a Mozart piece on the violin for his class to learn, the room was filled (with/in) waves of beautiful, soul-stirring sound. The class tried (emulating/to emulate) the music played by this renowned guest musician. (Between/Among) the students in the class, Joe Brooks was by far the best. In fact, Joe was the master’s son. His father had (been placed/placed) a baby violin in his hands at the age of four, and Joe was a natural talent. Now, just twelve years later, he was already on (a) his way to (becoming/become) a virtuoso like his father. (D) After the class, Joe was alone with his father. He had (important something/something important) to talk about. Joe took a deep breath and said, “I have (been asked/asked) to play in a concert, and I would like your permission first. It is a crossover concert.” Master Brooks looked (surprising/surprised). Indeed, the master’s dislike of crossover music was no secret. “Father,” Joe took a deep breath and (continuing/continued), “I respect your views, but it is not (why/what) (e) you think. Why don’t you come and listen to our practice tomorrow? If you don’t like it, I will cancel.” (C) “Well, did you get permission?” asked Brian as soon as Joe (entering/entered) the practice room the following day. “Um, I’m not sure,” answered Joe without confidence. “(c) You can tell us about it after practice,” Brian said as he placed his fingers on the keyboard. (Beside/Besides) him, Nick was tuning his guitar. Joe thought that he (will/would) play just one last time before telling them that (d) he might pull out of the concert. The trio (swung/swinging) into their routine, as easily as only a group that (had practiced/had been practiced) long and hard together could. (B) When they finished practicing, Joe noticed his father (stood/standing) in the corner. “Wow, that was (quite/quiet) wonderful,” he said with admiration. Master Brooks came toward his son. “I love the way you created those unique sounds while keeping the spirit of the violin. I (estimated/underestimated) the power that crossover music can create,” said Master Brooks to (b) him. Joe and his father returned home, both humming the melody that the band had been (practiced/practicing).

18. 변형 문제 - 내용불일치 찾기 

We are very excited to announce that we will offer the Summer Aviation Flight Camp for student pilot certificates.

It will be held from July 20 to August 3, 2019 at O’Ryan Flight School.                                                   

The summer camp will include programs in which participants can receive flight instruction from                                    professional pilots, go on field trips, try flight simulators, and do a lot more.

Because of the aviation regulation for student pilots, the camp is limited to participants over 16 years old.

Please see the attached document for registration and tuition information.

If you have further questions about the camp, please contact the coordinator at 714-3127-1004.

(1) 여름 항공 비행 캠프가 7월 20일부터 8월 3일까지 열린다.

(2) 이 캠프는 프로 파일럿으로 부터 비행교육을 받는 것을 포함한다.

(3) 항공 규제 때문에 16세 이상의 지원자만 받는다.

(4) 교육비나 등록에 대해서 궁금하면 첨부된 문서를 봐야한다.

(5) 더 궁금한것이 있다면 이메일 보내면 된다.

19. 어법 선택 

It was two hours before the paper submission.

With the deadline close at hand, Claire was still (struggled/struggling) with her writing.

(Pressing/Pressed) for time and stuck in a deadlock, she had no idea how to finish the paper.

She wasn’t even sure (which/whether) she could submit it on time.

(That/What) she found in her paper was scribbled words, half sentences, and a pile of seemingly

strange and (disjointing/disjointed) ideas.

“Nothing (makes/make) sense,” she said to herself.

She looked at her writing and (beginning/began) reading it over and over.       

All of a sudden and (unexpected/unexpectedly), something was found in that pile of thoughts:

the flow and connection of ideas she (had/have) not considered while she was writing.

From this moment, the ticking of the clock sounded (encouraging/encouraged) to her.

“Yes, I can do it!” Claire said as she grabbed her pencil again.

20. 주어진 문장 들어갈 곳은?

[ This suggests more than repetition. ]

Learning a certain concept such as “molecules” requires more than just a single exposure to the idea. 

(1) If a student is going to remember a science concept, he or she should experience it multiple times and in various contexts. 

(2) That is one of the strengths of the learning cycle: the students have direct experience with the concept,

then they talk about it, and then they have even more direct experience. 

(3) Reading, watching videos, and listening to others’ thoughts contribute to a more solid understanding of the concept. 

(4) Each event allows the student to examine the concept from a different perspective. 

(5) Ultimately this will lead to a substantive, useful understanding of the complexities and nuances of the concept.

21.  어법 선택 

Many companies (confuse/are confused) activities and results. As a consequence, they make the mistake of designing a process that (setting/sets) out milestones in the form of activities that must (carry/be carried) out during the sales cycle. Salespeople have a genius for doing what’s (compensated/compensating) rather than what’s effective. If your process has an activity such as “submit proposal” or “make cold call,” then that’s just (that/what) your people will do. No matter (what/that) the calls were to the wrong customer or went nowhere. No matter that the proposal wasn’t (submitting/submitted) at the right point in the buying decision or (containing/contained) inappropriate information. The process (asked/asking) for activity, and activity was what it got. Salespeople have done (what/that) was asked for. “Garbage in, garbage out” they will delight in telling you. “It’s not our problem, it’s this dumb process.”

22. 어법 선택 

The twenty-first century is the age of information and knowledge. It is a century that (characterizes/is characterized by) knowledge as the important resource that (gains/gaining) competitive advantage for companies. (Acquite/To acquire) all these knowledge and information, organizations must rely on the data that they store. Data, the basic element, (is gathered/gathers) daily from different input sources. Information is extracted or (learned/learning) from these sources of data, and this captured information is then transformed into knowledge that is eventually (used/using) to trigger actions or decisions. By and large, organizations do not have any problem of not (having/had) enough data because most organizations are rich with data. The problem however is that many organizations are poor in information and knowledge. This fact (translating/translates) into one of the biggest challenges (faced by/faces) organizations: how to transform raw data into information and eventually into knowledge, (where/which) if exploited correctly (provides/providing) the capabilities to predict customers’ behaviour and business trends.

23. 어법 선택 

In the twelfth to thirteenth centuries there (was appeared/appeared) the first manuals teaching “table manners” to the offspring of aristocrats. It was a genre that subsequently (had/having) a great success in the early modern period with The Courtier by Baldassare Castiglione, The Galateo by Monsignor Della Casa, and many others produced in different European countries. In a variety of ways and meanings, these are all instruments (intending/intended) to define or distinguish who is in from who is out, (separated/separating) the participants from the ostracized. It is for this reason that manuals of “good manners” (addressing/addressed) to the aristocracy always have a negative reference to the peasant who behaves badly, who “doesn’t know” (that/what) the rules are, and for this reason is excluded from the lordly table. Food etiquette had become a sign of social barriers and of the impossibility of breaking them down.

24. 변형 문제 - 빈칸 추론 

Racial and ethnic relations in the United States are better today than in the past, but many changes are needed before sports are a model of inclusion and fairness. The challenges today are different from the ones faced twenty years ago, and experience shows that when current challenges are met, a new social situation is created in which new challenges emerge. For example, once racial and ethnic segregation is eliminated and people come together, they must learn to live, work, and play with each other despite diverse experiences and cultural perspectives. Meeting this challenge requires a commitment to equal treatment, plus learning about the perspectives of others, understanding how they define and give meaning to the world, and then determining how to form and maintain relationships while respecting differences, making compromises, and supporting one another in the pursuit of goals that may not always be shared. None of this is easy, and challenges                                      .

(1) are not that hard to be achieved

(2) are not defined easily

(3) are ignored for good

(4) are never solved 

(5) are never met once and all the time

29. 어법 선택 

An interesting aspect of human psychology is (that/what) we tend to like things more and find them more (appealed/appealing) if everything about those things is not obvious the first time we experience them. This is (certain/certainly) true in music. For example, we might hear a song on the radio for the first time (that/when) catches our interest and (to decide/decide) we like it. Then the next time we hear it, we hear a lyric we didn’t catch the first time, or we might notice (that/what) the piano or drums are (done/doing) in the background. A special harmony (emerges/emerging) that we missed before. We hear more and more and understand more and more with each listening. Sometimes, the (longer/longest) it takes for a work of art to reveal all of its subtleties to us, the more fond of that thing ― (whether/if) it’s music, art, dance, or architecture ― we become.

30. 변형 문제 - 주어진 문장 들어갈 곳?

[ Consider, for instance, a teenager whose parents are suspicious and distrustful when she goes out at night; even if she has been forthright about her plans and is not breaking any agreed-upon rules, her identity as a respectable moral subject is undermined by a pervasive parental attitude that expects deceit and betrayal.]

(1) Sometimes the awareness that one is distrusted can provide the necessary incentive for self-reflection. (2) An employee who  realizes she isn’t being trusted by her co-workers with shared responsibilities at work might, upon reflection, identify areas where she has consistently let others down or failed to follow through on previous commitments. (3) Others’ distrust of her might then forbid her to perfrm her share of the duties in a way that makes her more worthy of their trust. (4) But distrust of one who is sincere in her efforts to be a trustworthy and dependable person can be disorienting and might cause her to doubt her own perceptions and to distrust herself.(5) 

36.  어법 선택

Without money, people (could/can) only barter. Many of us barter to a small extent, (what/when) we return favors.  A man might offer to mend his neighbor’s broken door (in return/in turn) for a few hours of babysitting, for instance.  Yet it is hard to imagine these personal  exchanges working on a larger scale.What would happen if you wanted a loaf of bread  and all you had to trade was your new  car? Barter depends on the double coincidence of wants, (which/wher)e not only  (does/is) the other person happen to have what I want,  but I also have what he wants. Money solves all these problems.  There is no need to find someone who wants (where/when/what) you have to trade;  you simply pay for your goods (to/with) money.  The seller can then take the money and buy from someone else. Money  is transferable and deferrable―the seller  can hold on to it and (bought/buy) (where/when) the time is right. 

37. 변형 문제 - 빈칸 추론 

Brain research provides a framework for understanding how the brain processes and internalizes athletic skills.  In practicing a complex movement such as a golf swing, we experiment with different grips, positions and swing movements, analyzing each in terms of the results it yields. This is a conscious, left­brain process. Once we identify those elements of the swing that produce the desired results, we                                        in an attempt to record them permanently  in “muscle memory.” In this way, we internalize the swing as a kinesthetic feeling that we trust to recreate the desired swing on demand. This internalization transfers the swing from a consciously controlled left­brain function to a more intuitive or automatic right­brain function. This description, despite being an oversimplification of the actual processes involved, serves  as a model for the interaction between conscious and unconscious actions in the brain, as it learns to perfect an athletic skill. 

(1) are afraid of trying it 

(2) try doing that once

(3) do nothing for that

(4) take a note of it

(5) rehearse them over and over again 

38. 어법 선택 

You are in a train, (standing/stood) at a station next to another train. Suddenly you seem (starting/to start) moving.   But then you realize that you aren’t actually moving at all. It is the second train (that/what) is moving in the opposite  direction. The illusion of relative movement works (another/the other) way, too. You think (the other/another) train has moved, (only to/in order to) discover that it is your own train that is moving. It can be hard to tell the difference between  apparent movement and real movement. It’s easy (if/whether) your train starts with a jolt, of course, but not if your  train moves very smoothly. When your train overtakes a (slightly/slight) slower train, you can sometimes fool yourself  into thinking your train is still and the other train is moving slowly backwards. 

39. 

You’re probably already (starting/started) to see the tremendous value of network analysis for businesspeople.  In the business world, information is money: a tip about anything from a cheap supplier to a competitor’s marketing     campaign (to/for) an under­the­table merger discussion can inform strategic decisions that might yield millions of dollars  in profits. You might catch it on TV or in the newspaper, but that’s information everyone knows.  The most profitable information (likely/unlikely) comes through network connections that provide "inside" information.  And it isn’t just information (what/that) travels through network connections―it’s influence as well. If you have a connection  at  another company, you can possibly ask your connection to push (where/that) company to do business with yours, to avoid  a competitor, or to hold off on the launch of a product. So clearly, any businessperson wants to increase their personal  network. 

40. 변형 문제 - 빈칸 추론 

Intergroup contact is more likely to reduce stereotyping and create favorable attitudes if it is backed by social norms  that promote equality among groups. If the norms support openness, friendliness, and mutual respect, the contact has a greater chance of changing attitudes  and reducing prejudice than if they do not. Institutionally supported intergroup contact―that is,  contact sanctioned by an outside authority or by established customs ―is more likely to produce positive changes than  unsupported contact. Without institutional support, members of an in­group may be reluctant to interact with outsiders  because they feel doing  so is deviant or simply                         . With the presence of institutional support, however, contact  between groups is more likely to be seen as appropriate, expected, and worthwhile. For instance, with respect to desegregation in elementary schools, there is evidence that students were more highly motivated and learned more in classes conducted  by teachers (that is, authority figures) who supported rather than opposed  desegregation.

(1) supportive 

(2) proper

(3) inappropriate 

(4) effective

(5) mutual 

41-42 

One cannot take for granted that the findings of any given study will have validity. (Consider/Considering) a situation  (which/where) an investigator is studying deviant behavior. In particular, she is investigating the extent (to which/which) cheating by  college students occurs on exams. (Reasoned/Reasoning) that it is more difficult for people monitoring an exam  to keep students under surveillance in large classes than in smaller (them/ones), she hypothesizes that a higher rate of cheating  will occur on exams in large classes than in small. To test this hypothesis, she collects data on cheating in  both large classes and small ones  and then (analyzes/analyzing) the data. Her results show that more cheating per student  occurs in the larger classes. Thus, the data apparently support the investigator’s research hypothesis. A few days later,  however, a colleague (pointing/points) out that all the large classes in her study (using/used) multiple‐choice exams,      (so/whereas) all the small classes (using/used) short answer and essay exams. The investigator immediately realizes that  an extraneous variable (exam format) is (interfering/interfered) with the independent variable  (class size) and may be  (operated/operating) as a cause in her data. The apparent support for her research hypothesis may be nothing more  than an artifact. Perhaps the true effect is that more (cheating/cheated) occurs on multiple­choice exams than  on essay exams, regardless of class size.

18.  어법 선택 

I have been (used/using) your coffee machines for several years. Since your products (had/have) never let me        down before,  I bought your brand­new coffee machine, Morning Maker, on May 18th from your online store. Unfortunately, however,  this product has not worked well. Whenever I use this machine, my coffee      does not get (enough hot/hot enough).  The terms of warranty (indicate/indicates) that if products have any problems,  I am entitled (receiving/to receive) a full refund within 2 months.  Since it has been less than a month, I want my money back.  Enclosed are copies of my receipts and guarantees concerning this purchase.  I look forward to your reply and a resolution (on/to) my problem.

19. 어법 선택 

Rowe jumps for joy when he finds a cave because he loves being in places (which/where) so few have ventured.  At the entrance  he keeps (taking/taken) photos with his cell phone to show off his new adventure later.  (Came/Coming) to a stop on a rock a few meters  from the entrance, he sees the icy cave’s (glittered/glittering) view. He says,  “Incredibly beautiful!” (stretching/stretches) his hand out to touch the icy wall.  Suddenly, his footing gives way and he slides down into the darkness. He looks up and (seeing/sees) a crack of light about  20 meters above him. ‘Phone for help,’ he thinks. But he realizes there (are/is) no service this far underground.  He tries (to move/moving) upward but he can’t. He calls out, “Is anyone there?” There’s no answer.

20. 변형 문제 - 일치하지 않는 내용찾기 

If you’re an expert, having a high follower count on your social media accounts enhances all the work you are doing in real life. A great example is a comedian. She spends hours each day working on her skill, but she keeps being asked about her Instagram  following. This is because businesses are always looking for easier and cheaper ways to market their products. A comedian with  100,000 followers can promote her upcoming show and increase the chances that people will buy tickets to come see her.  This reduces the amount of money the comedy club has to spend on promoting the show and makes the management more  likely to choose her over another comedian. Plenty of people are upset that follower count seems to be more important than  talent, but it’s really about firing on all cylinders. In today’s version of show business, the business part is happening online.  You need to adapt, because those who don’t adapt won’t make it very far.

(1) 팔로워가 많은 소셜미디어를 가진 사람이 실제 생활에서 하는 일을 향상시킨다고 한다. 

(2) 사업하는 이들은 더 싼값에 상품홍보를 하기 원한다.

(3) 팔로워 많은 코미디언이 더 쇼를 맡아기기에 홍보면에서 좋다고 생각한다.

(4) 사람들은 능력보다 팔로워많아 보이는 부분에 대해 문제가 없다고 생각한다.

(5) 이런 새로운 것들에 적응하지 못하면 큰 성공을 이루기는 어렵다.

21. 어법 선택 

If you are (feeling/felt) overwhelmed by the amount of responsibility that you have to deal with in your own life or your own  home, you are going to have to figure out a way (that/where) you can balance out these responsibilities. For example, is there  somebody that you can turn to to tell them that you have too much on your plate and you are (felt/feeling) too overwhelmed  by these responsibilities? If you can find somebody and divide up the labor (so that/because) you don’t feel so  overwhelmed by everything that you are doing,  all you have to do sometimes (is/are) to ask for help and your life  will feel that much better.  Many times people will surprise you with their willingness to help you out,  so never (assume/access) that other people don’t care  about your stress.  Let them know (honestly/honest) how you are feeling and allow yourself  some opportunities (to avoid/avoiding) responsibility  and give yourself  a chance to relax.

22. 변형 문제 - 주어진 문장이 들어갈 곳은?

[ An announcer might comment on what an ugly shot that was, and she would be right. ]

You can be perfect, but you need to change the way you think about it. Perfection actually is possible if you delete  “perfect” and insert “complete.”  Imagine a basketball player taking a fifteen­foot shot and the ball going through the net,  never touching the rim. (가)Someone is likely to exclaim, “That was a perfect shot!” And it was perfect. (나) The scoreboard  reflects an increase of two points.(다) Now again imagine that same player a few minutes later taking another fifteen­foot shot. (라) But  this time the ball hits one side of the rim, rolls around and stands still for half a second, and it finally falls through  the net. (마) But basketball games are not won on  such criteria as pretty or ugly.  In this instance the ball went through  the net and the scoreboard increased by two points.  In that sense, the second shot was as perfect as the first.

23.  변형 문제 - 빈칸 추론 

In this world, being smart or competent isn’t enough. People sometimes don’t recognize talent when they see it. Their vision  is clouded by the first impression we give and that can lose us the job we want, or the relationship we want. The way we  present ourselves can speak more eloquently of the skills we bring to the table, if we actively cultivate that  presentation.  Nobody likes to be crossed off the list before being given the opportunity to show others who they are. Being able to tell your  story from the moment you meet other people is a skill that must be actively cultivated, in order to send the message that  you’re someone to be considered and the right person for the position. For that reason, it’s important that we all learn how to  say the appropriate things in the right way and to present ourselves in a way that appeals to other people―                          .

(1) disguising your own face

(2) revealing your weakness

(3) telling how you grow up

(4) tailoring a great first impression

(5) finding your perfect partner

24.  변형 문제 - 빈칸 추론 

Take the choice of which kind of soup to buy. There’s too much data here for you to struggle with: calories, price, salt content,  taste, packaging, and so on. If you were a robot, you’d be stuck here all day trying to make a decision, with no obvious way to  trade off which details  matter more. To land on a choice, you need a summary of some sort. And that’s what the feedback  from your body is able to  give you. Thinking about your budget might make your palms sweat, or your mouth might water  thinking about the last time you consumed the chicken noodle soup, or noting the excessive creaminess of the other soup  might give you a stomachache. You simulate your experience with one soup, and then the other. Your bodily experience  helps your brain to quickly place a value on soup A, and another on soup B, allowing you to tip the balance in one direction  or the other. You don’t just extract the data from the soup cans,                             .

(1) you analyze the fact

(2) you choose favorite ingredient

(3) you miss home-cooked meals

(4) you feel the data

(5) you follow others' choices

29. 문맥상 어휘 선택 

Trying to produce everything yourself would mean you are using your time and resources to produce many things  for which you are a high­cost provider. This would translate into (lower/higher) production and income.  For example, even though  most doctors might be good at record keeping and arranging appointments, it is generally in their interest to hire someone to perform these services.  The time doctors use to keep records is time they could have spent seeing patients.  Because the time  spent with their patients is worth a lot, the opportunity cost of record keeping for doctors will be (low/high).  Thus, doctors will almost always find it (advantageous/disadvantageous) to hire someone else to keep and manage  their records. Moreover,  when the doctor specializes in the provision of physician services and hires someone who has a comparative advantage  in record keeping, costs will be lower and joint output larger than would otherwise be achievable.

30. 변형 문제 - 빈칸 추론 

Our culture is biased toward the fine arts—those creative products that have no function other than pleasure.  Craft objects are less worthy; because they serve an everyday function, they’re not purely creative. But this division is  culturally and historically relative. Most contemporary high art began as some sort of craft. The composition and  performance of what we now call “classical music” began as a form of craft music satisfying required functions in the  Catholic mass, or the specific entertainment needs of royal patrons. For example, chamber music really was designed to be  performed in chambers—small intimate rooms in wealthy homes—often as background music. The dances composed  by famous composers from Bach to Chopin originally did indeed accompany dancing. But today, with the contexts and  functions they were composed for gone, we listen to these works as                .

(1) fun instrument

(2) fine art

(3) outdated music

(4) historical artifact

(5) learning material 

31. 변형 문제 - 순서 배열 

Psychologists Leon Festinger, Stanley Schachter, and sociologist Kurt Back began to wonder how friendships form. Why do  some strangers build lasting friendships, while others struggle to get past basic platitudes? 

(A) The researchers believed that physical space was the key to friendship formation; that “friendships are likely to develop on    the basis  of brief and passive contacts made going to and from home or walking about the neighborhood.”  

(B) Some experts explained that  friendship formation could be traced to infancy, where children acquired the values, beliefs, and attitudes that would bind  or separate them later in life. But Festinger, Schachter, and Back pursued a different theory. 

(C) In their view, it wasn’t so  much that people with similar attitudes became friends, but rather that people who passed each  other during the day  tended to become friends and so came to adopt similar attitudes over time. 

32. 어법 선택 

As entrepreneur Derek Sivers put it, “The first follower is (what/that) transforms a lone nut into a leader.”  If you were sitting with seven other people and six group members picked the wrong answer, but the (remaining/remained)  one chose the correct answer, (comfort/conformity) dropped dramatically.   “The presence of a supporting partner depleted the majority of much of its pressure,” Asch wrote.   Merely (knowing/known) that you’re not the only resister makes (it/that) substantially easier to reject the crowd.  Emotional strength can be found even in small numbers. In the words of Margaret Mead, “Never doubt (what/that) a small group of thoughtful citizens can change the world; indeed, it’s the only thing that ever has.” To feel that you’re not alone,  you don’t need a whole crowd to join you. Research by Sigal Barsade and Hakan Ozcelik shows that in business and  government organizations, just having one friend is enough to (significant/significantly) decrease loneliness.

33. 변형 문제 - 빈칸 추론 

At the pharmaceutical giant Merck, CEO Kenneth Frazier decided to motivate his executives to take a more active role in  leading innovation and change. He asked them to do something radical: generate ideas that would put Merck out of business.   For the next two hours, the executives worked in groups, pretending to be one of Merck’s top competitors. Energy soared as  they developed ideas for drugs that would crush theirs and key markets they had missed. Then, their challenge was to reverse  their roles and figure out how to defend against these threats. This “kill the company” exercise is powerful becauseit reframes a gain­framed activity in terms of losses. When deliberating about innovation opportunities, the leaders weren’t inclined  to take risks. When they considered how their competitors could put them out of business, they realized that it was a risk not  to innovate. The urgency of                      was apparent.

(1) innovation 

(2) plan

(3) dicussion

(4) conservation 

(5) employees

34. 변형 문제 - 순서 배열 

The whole history of mathematics is one long sequence of taking the best ideas of the moment and finding new extensions,  variations, and applications. 

(A) Our lives today are totally different from the lives of people three hundred years ago, mostly  owing to scientific and  technological innovations that required the insights of calculus. Isaac Newton and Gottfried von Leibniz  independently discovered calculus in the last half of the seventeenth century. 

(B) Newton and Leibniz came up with their brilliant insight at essentially the same time because it was not a  huge leap from what was already known. All creative people, even ones who are considered geniuses, start as nongeniuses  and take baby steps from there. 

(C) But a study of the history reveals that  mathematicians had thought of all the essential elements of calculus before Newton  or Leibniz came along. Newton himself  acknowledged this flowing reality when he wrote, “If I have seen farther than others  it is because I have stood on the  shoulders of giants.”  

35. 어법 선택 

People often assume (erroneous/erroneously) that if a Hadza adult of Tanzania does not know how to solve  an algebraic equation, then he must be less intelligent than we (do/are).   (Yet/So) there is no evidence to suggest  that people from some cultures are fast learners and people from others are slow learners.   The study of comparative cultures has (been taught/taught) us that people in different cultures (learn/learning) different cultural content (attitudes, values, ideas, and behavioral patterns) and (what/that) they accomplish this with  similar efficiency. The traditional Hadza hunter has not learned algebra because such knowledge (would/will) not particularly  enhance his  adaptation to life in the East African grasslands. However, he would know how to track a (wound/wounded) bush buck (that/where) he has not seen for three days and where to find groundwater.

18. 어법 선택

Our message to you is brief, but important: Your (description/subscription) to Winston Magazine will end soon and we  (haven’t heard / haven’t been heard) from you about renewing it. We’re sure you won’t want to miss even one upcoming issue.  (Renewing/Renew) now to make sure that the service will continue. You’ll get continued delivery of the excellent  stories and  news that make Winston Magazine the fastest (growing/grown) magazine in America. To make (them/it) as easy  as possible for  you to act now, we’ve sent a reply card for you to complete. Simply send back the card today and you’ll continue to receive  your (month/monthly) issue of Winston Magazine. 

19. 어법 선택 

The Chief (called/was called) for Little Fawn to come out, and (taking/took) her right hand and Sam’s right hand and tied them  together with a small piece of leather. He gave a big yell and (was told/told) Sam, “You’re now a (marrying/married) man.”  As soon as the wedding ceremony was over, the celebration began. Fawn and Sam (sat/sitting) on blankets as young boys and  girls  began dancing (to/for) flute music and drum beats. They danced in circles (making/made) joyful sounds and shaking  their hands  with arms  (raised/rose) over their heads. Fawn rose up and joined them. People started clapping and (singing/sung). Fawn and Sam were two happy people.

20. 변형문제-어법 잘못된 것 찾기!

You can buy conditions for happiness, but you can’t buy happiness. It’s like playing tennis. You can’t buy the joy of playing  tennis at a store. You can buy the ball and the racket, but you can’t buy the joy of playing. (1)To experience the joy of tennis,  you have to learn, to train yourself to play. It’s (2)the same with writing calligraphy. You can buy  the ink, the rice paper,  and the brush,  but if you don’t cultivate the art of calligraphy, you (3)can't really do calligraphy. So calligraphy requires  practice, and you  have to train (4)you. You are happy as a calligrapher only when you have the capacity to do calligraphy.  Happiness is also like  that. You have to cultivate happiness; you cannot buy (5)it at a store. 

21.  변형문제 - 주어진 문장이 들어가기 알맞은 곳은?

[He argued that being virtuous means finding a balance.]

For almost all things in life, there can be too much of a good thing. Even the best things in life aren’t so great in excess.(가) This concept has been discussed at least as far back as Aristotle. (나) For example, people should be brave, but if  someone is too brave they become reckless. (다) People should be trusting, but if someone is too trusting they are  considered gullible. (라) For each of these traits, it is best to avoid both deficiency and excess. (마)The best way is to live  at the “sweet spot” that maximizes well­being. Aristotle’s suggestion is that virtue is the midpoint, where someone is neither too  generous nor too stingy, neither too.

22. 변형문제 - 빈칸 문제 

Certainly praise is critical to a child’s sense of self­esteem, but when given too often for too little, it kills the impact of real praise when it is called for. Everyone needs to know they are valued and appreciated, and praise is one way of expressing such feelings―but only after something praiseworthy has been accomplished. Awards are supposed to be rewards―reactions to positive actions, honors for doing something well! The ever­present danger in handing out such honors too lightly is that children may  come to depend on them and do only  those things that they know will result in prizes. If they are not sure they can do well  enough to earn merit badges, or if gifts are not guaranteed, they may                       . 

(1) be happy to act right

(2) hate their appearances

(3) like to do good things

(4) avoid certain activities

(5) be reluctant to help others 

23. 어법 선택 

If you’ve ever (seen/been seen) a tree stump, you probably noticed that the top of the stump (had/have) a series of  rings. These rings can tell us how old the tree is, and (what/that) the weather was like (during/while) each year of the tree’s  life. Because trees are sensitive to local climate conditions, such as rain and temperature, they give scientists some information about that area’s local climate in the past. For example, tree rings usually grow wider in warm, wet years  and (are/is) thinner in years (where/when) it is cold and dry. If  the tree has experienced stressful conditions, such as a drought,  the tree might hardly grow at all during that time. Very old trees in particular can offer clues about (what/that) the climate  was like long before measurements (were recorded/recorded).

24. 어법 선택 

Near an honesty box, (in which/on which) people placed coffee fund contributions, researchers at Newcastle University in the UK alternately (displayed/display) images of eyes and of flowers. Each image (was displayed/displayed) for a week at a time.  (While/During) all the weeks (in which/of which) eyes were displayed, bigger contributions were made than  during the weeks  when flowers were displayed. Over the ten weeks of the study, contributions during the ‘eyes weeks’ were  almost three times higher than (that/those) made during the ‘flowers weeks.’ It was suggested that ‘the (evolving/evolved) psychology  of cooperation is (high/highly) sensitive to subtle cues of being watched,’ and that the findings may have  implications for how to provide effective nudges toward (social/socially) beneficial outcomes.

29. 내용 일치 하지 않는 것은?

Bad lighting can increase stress on your eyes, as can light that is too bright, or light that shines directly into your eyes. Fluorescent lighting can also be tiring. What you may not appreciate is that the quality of light may also be important. Most people are happiest in bright sunshine―this may cause a release of chemicals in the body that bring a feeling  of emotional well­being. Artificial light, which typically contains only a few wavelengths of light, does not seem to have the same effect on mood  that sunlight has. Try experimenting with working by a window or using full spectrum bulbs in your desk lamp.  You will probably find that this improves the quality of your working environment.

(1) 나쁜 조명은 여러분의 눈에 스트레스를 증가시킬 수 있다.

(2) 형광등 또한 피로감을 줄 수 있다. 

(3) 대부분의 사람들은 밝은 햇빛 속에서 가장 행복하다.

(4) 햇빛은 정서적 행복감을 주는 체내의 화학물질을 분비시킬지도 모른다. 

(5) 단지 몇 개의 빛 파장만 있는 인공 조명이 분위기에 미치는 효과는 햇빛과 같을 수 있다.

30. 어법 선택 

School assignments have typically (required/been required) that students work alone. This emphasis on individual productivity (reflecting/reflected) an opinion that independence is a necessary factor for success. Having the ability to take care of oneself  without depending on others was considered a requirement for everyone. Consequently, teachers in the past less often (arranging/arranged) group work or encouraged students to acquire teamwork skills. However, (since/In) the new millennium,  businesses have experienced more global competition (that/what) requires improved productivity.  This situation has (led/been led) employers to insist that newcomers to the labor market provide evidence of traditional independence  but also interdependence (shown/show) through  teamwork skills. The challenge for educators is to ensure individual competence in basic skills (during/while) adding learning opportunities that can enable students to also perform well in teams. 

31. 순서 배열

(A) Birds can make their nests, ants can make their hills, but no other species on Earth comes close to the level of  creativity we humans display.  

(B) However, just in the last decade we have acquired the ability to do amazing things with computers, like developing  robots.  With the artificial intelligence boom of the 2010s, computers can now recognize faces, translate languages, take  calls for you, write poems, and beat players at the world’s most complicated board game, to name a few things.  All of a sudden, we must face the possibility that our ability to be creative is not unrivaled.

(C) Creativity is a skill we usually consider uniquely human. For all of human history, we have been the most creative beings  on Earth. 

32. 주어진 문장이 들어갈 곳은?

[ This can be very confusing because there would be a need to stress when to touch and when  not to touch. ]

There is a major problem with counting from 0. (1)To determine the number of objects by counting, such as determining  how many apples there are on a table, many children would touch or point to the first apple and say “one,” then move (2) on to the second apple and say “two,” and continue in this manner until all the apples are counted. (3)If we start at 0,  we would have to touch nothing and say “zero,” but then we would have to start touching apples and calling out “one, two, three” and so on.(4) If a child accidentally touches an apple while saying “zero,” then the total number of apples will be off by 1. (5)

33. 어법상 틀린 것은?

The mind is essentially a survival machine. Attack and defense against other minds, gathering, storing, and analyzing information―this is what it is good at, but it is not at all creative. All true artists (1)create from a place of no­mind, from inner stillness.  Even great scientists (2)have reported that their creative breakthroughs came at a time of mental quietude. The surprising result of a nationwide  inquiry among America’s most famous mathematicians, (3)includes Einstein, to find out  their working methods, was that thinking “plays only a subordinate part in the brief, decisive phase of the creative act itself.”  So I would say that the simple reason (4)why the majority of scientists are not creative is not because they don’t know how to  think, but because they don’t know how to stop (5)thinking.

34.  주어진 문장이 들어갈 곳은?

[ However, you suddenly see a group of six people enter one of them. ]

We are more likely to eat in a restaurant if we know that it is usually busy. Even when nobody tells us a restaurant is good,  our herd behavior determines our decision­making. (1) Let’s suppose you walk toward two empty restaurants.  You do not know which one to enter. (2) Which one are you more likely to enter, the empty one or the other one? (3) Most  people would go into the restaurant with people in it. (4)Let’s suppose you and a friend go into that restaurant. (5) Now, it  has eight people in it. Others see that one restaurant is empty and the other has eight people in it .So, they decide to do  the same as the other eight.

. 

[38～39] 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳을 고르시오.

38.

We seek out feel-good experiences, always on the lookout for the next holiday, purchase or culinary experience.

우리는 항상 다음 휴일, 물건 사기, 또는 음식 체험이 있는지 살피면서 기분을 좋게 해주는 경험을 찾아낸다. 

This approach to happiness is relatively recent; it depends on our capacity both to pad our lives with material pleasures and to feel that we can control our suffering.

행복에 대한 이런 접근은 비교적 최근의 것인데, 그것은 우리의 삶을 물질적으로 즐거움을 주는 것으로 채워 넣기도 하고 우리의 고통을 우리 가 제어할 수 있다고 느끼기도 하는 우리의 능력에 좌우된다. 

Painkillers, as we know them today, are a relatively recent invention and access to material comfort is now within reach of a much larger proportion of the world’s population.

오늘날 우리가 알고 있 는 진통제는 비교적 최근의 발명품이며, 물질적 안락에 대한 접근은 이제 훨씬 더 큰 비율의 전 세계 사람들의 손이 닿는 곳에 있다. 

These technological and economic advances have had significant cultural implications, leading us to see our negative experiences as a problem and maximizing our positive experiences as the answer.

이런 과학 기술과 경제 발전은 상당 한 문화적 영향을 미쳐서 우리가 우리의 부정적인 경험을 문제로 간주하게 하고 그 해결책으로 우리의 긍정적인 경험을 극대화하게 하였다. 

Yet, through this we have forgotten that being happy in life is not just about pleasure.

하지만 이를 통해 우리는 인생에서 행복한 것이 단지 즐거움에 관련된 것만은 아니라는 것을 잊게 되었다. 

Comfort, contentment and satisfaction have never been the elixir of happiness.

안락감, 만족감 그리고 충족감이 행복의 특효약이었던 적은 한 번도 없었다.

( ⑤ Rather, happiness is often found in those moments we are most vulnerable, alone or in pain. )

오히려, 행복 은 우리가 가장 상처받기 쉽거나 혼자이거나 고통을 겪는 그런 순간에 자주 발견된다. 

Happiness is there, on the edges of these experiences, and when we get a glimpse of that kind of happiness it is powerful, transcendent and compelling.

행복은 거기, 이런 경험의 가장자리에 있고, 우리가 ‘그런’ 종류의 행복을 언뜻 보 게 될 때, 그것은 강력하고 뛰어나며 강렬하다. 

39. 

Whispering galleries are remarkable acoustic spaces found beneath certain domes or curved ceilings.

속삭임의 회랑은 어떤 돔이나 곡면의 천장 아래에서 발견되는 놀라운 음향 공간이다. 

A famous one is located outside a well-known restaurant in New York City’s Grand Central Station.

유명한 것 하나가 뉴욕시의 Grand Central 역에 있는 유명한 식당 밖에 있다. 

It’s a fun place to take a date: the two of you can exchange romantic words while you’re forty feet apart and separated by a busy passageway.

그곳은 데이트하기에 재미있는 곳으로, 여러분 두 사람은 혼잡한 통로에 의해 분리되어 40피트 떨어져 있으면서도 낭만적인 말을 주고받을 수 있다. 

You’ll hear each other clearly, but the passersby won’t hear a word you’re saying.

여러분은 서로의 말을 분명하게 듣겠지만 지나가는 사람들에게는 여러분이 하는 말이 한마디도 들리지 않을 것이다. 

To produce this effect, the two of you should stand at diagonally opposite corners of the space, facing the wall.

이런 효과를 내기 위해 여러분 두 사람은 그 공간의 대각선으로 맞은편의 구 석에 벽을 마주 보면서 서 있어야 한다. 

( ④That puts you each near a focus, a special point at which the sound of your voice gets focused as it reflects off the passageway’s curved walls and ceiling. )

그것은 여러분 각자를 여러분의 목소리에서 나오는 소리가 통로의 곡면인 벽과 천장에서 반사될 때 집중되는 특별한 지점인 초점 가까이 둔다. 

Ordinarily, the sound waves you produce travel in all directions and bounce off the walls at different times and places, scrambling them so much that they are inaudible when they arrive at the ear of a listener forty feet away.

보통 여러분이 만드는 음파는 모든 방향으로 이동하고 각기 다른 시간 과 장소에서 벽에 반사되어, 그것들을 너무 많이 뒤섞으므로 40피트 떨어져 있는 듣 는 사람의 귀에 도달할 때는 들리지 않는다. 

But when you whisper at a focus, the reflected waves all arrive at the same time at the other focus, thus reinforcing one another and allowing your words to be heard. [3점]

그러나 ‘초점’에서 속삭일 때, 반사되는 음파는 전부 다른 초점에 ‘동시에’ 도달하며, 그리하여 서로를 강화하여 여러분의 말이 들리게 한다. 

40.  다음 글의 내용을 한 문장으로 요약하고자 한다. 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

After the United Nations environmental conference in Rio de Janeiro in 1992 made the term “sustainability” widely known around the world, the word became a popular buzzword by those who wanted to be seen as pro-environmental but who did not really intend to change their behavior.

1992년에 리우데자네이루에서 열린 국제 연합 환경 회의가 ‘지속 가능성’이라는 용어 를 전 세계적으로 널리 알려지게 만든 후에 그 단어는 친환경적으로 보이기를 원하지만 자신의 행동을 진짜 바꿀 의도는 아니었던 사람들에 의해 인기 있는 유행어가 되었다.

It became a public relations term, an attempt to be seen as abreast with the latest thinking of what we must do to save our planet from widespread harm.

그것은 홍보 용어가 되었는데, 곧 널리 퍼진 해악으로부터 지구를 구하기 위해 우리가 무엇을 해야 하는가에 관한 최신의 생각과 보조를 맞추고 있는 것으로 보이려는 시도이다. 

But then, in a decade or so, some governments, industries, educational institutions, and organizations started to use the term in a serious manner.

 그러나 그런 다음 십여 년이 지난 후, 일부 정부, 산업, 교육 기관, 그 리고 조직이 그 용어를 진지하게 사용하기 시작했다.

In the United States a number of large corporations appointed a vice president for sustainability.

미국에서 많은 대기업이 지속 가능성 담당 부사장을 임명했다.

Not only were these officials interested in how their companies could profit by producing “green” products, but they were often given the task of making the company more efficient by reducing wastes and pollution and by reducing its carbon emissions. 

 이 임원들은 ‘친환경’ 제품을 만들어 자기 회사가 어 떻게 이익을 얻을 수 있는가에 관심이 있을 뿐만 아니라, 흔히 쓰레기와 오염을 줄임 으로써, 그리고 그 회사의 탄소 배기가스를 줄임으로써 회사를 더 효율적으로 만드는 과제를 받기도 했다. 

While the term “sustainability,” in the initial phase, was popular among those who (A) pretended to be eco-conscious, it later came to be used by those who would (B) actualize their pro-environmental thoughts.

 → 초기 단계에서 ‘지속 가능성’이라는 용어는 친환경 의식이 있는 체했던 사람들 사 이에서 인기가 있었지만, 나중에 그것은 자신의 친환경주의적 생각을 실현하고자 하 는 사람들이 사용하게 되었다. 

[41-42] 다음 글을 읽고, 물음에 답하시오.

Aristotle did not think that all human beings should be allowed to engage in political activity: in his system, women, slaves, and foreigners were explicitly (a) excluded from the right to rule themselves and others.

아리스토텔레스는 모든 인간이 정치 활동을 하도록 허용되어야 한다고 생각하지 않았다. 즉 그의 체계에서 여자, 노예, 그리고 외국인은 자신 및 다른 사람을 다스릴 권리로부터 명백히 배제되었다. 

Nevertheless, his basic idea that politics is a unique collective activity that is directed at certain (b) common goals and ends still resonates today.

그럼에도 불구하고, 정치는 어떤 공동의 목표와 목적을 향한 독특한 집단 활동이라는 그의 기본적인 생각은 오늘날에도 여전히 울려 퍼지고 있다. 

But which ends? Many thinkers and political figures since the ancient world have developed different ideas about the goals that politics can or should achieve.

하지만 어느 목적인가? 고대 세계 이후의 많은 사상가와 정계 인사들이 정치가 이룰 수 있거나 이루어야 하는 목표에 관해 각기 다른 생각을 발달시켰다. 

This approach is known as political moralism.

이런 접근 법은 정치적 도덕주의라고 알려져 있다. 

For moralists, political life is a branch of ethics ― or moral philosophy ― so it is (c) unsurprising that there are many philosophers in the group of moralistic political thinkers.

도덕주의자들에게 정치적 삶은 윤리 혹은 도덕 철학의 한 분야여서 도덕주의적 정치 사상가 집단에 많은 철학자가 있는 것은 놀랄 일이 아니다. 

Political moralists argue that politics should be directed toward achieving substantial goals, or that political arrangements should be organized to (d) protect certain things.

정치적 도덕주의자들은 정치란 실질적인 목표를 이루는 쪽으로 향해야 한다고, 즉 정치적인 처리 방식은 어떤 것을 보호하기 위해 체계화되어야 한다고 주장한다. 

Among these things are political values such as justice, equality, liberty, happiness, fraternity, or national self-determination.

이런 것들 중에는 정의, 평등, 자유, 행복, 동포애, 또는 민족 자결권과 같은 정치적 가치가 있다. 

At its most radical, moralism produces descriptions of ideal political societies known as Utopias, named after English statesman and philosopher Thomas More’s book Utopia, published in 1516, which imagined an ideal nation.

가장 근본적인 입 장에서 도덕주의는, 1516년에 출간되었고 이상 국가를 상상했던, 영국 정치가이자 철 학자인 Thomas More의 책 ‘Utopia’에서 이름을 딴, 유토피아로 알려진 이상적인 정치 사회에 대해 묘사한다. 

Utopian political thinking dates back to the ancient Greek philosopher Plato’s book the Republic, but it is still used by modern thinkers such as Robert Nozick to explore ideas.

유토피아적 정치사상은 고대 그리스 철학자인 플라톤의 책 ‘국가론’으로 거슬러 올라가는데, 그것은 Robert Nozick과 같은 현대 사상가에 의 해 아이디어를 탐구하기 위해 여전히 사용된다. 

Some theorists consider Utopian political thinking to be a (e) promising undertaking, since it has led in the past to justifications of totalitarian violence.

일부 이론가는 유토피아적 정치사상은 유망한(→ 위험한) 일이라고 여기는데, 그것이 지금까지 전체주의적인 폭력의 정당화로 이어졌기 때문이다. 

However, at its best, Utopian thinking is part of a process of striving toward a better society, and many thinkers use it to suggest values to be pursued or protected.

그러나 최선의 상태에서 유토피아적 사상은 더 나은 사회를 향해 노력하는 과정의 일부이며, 많은 사상가는 추구되거나 보호되어야 할 가치를 제안하기 위해 그것을 사용한다.  

[43～45] 다음 글을 읽고, 물음에 답하시오.

(A) When Master Brooks played a Mozart piece on the violin for his class to learn, the room was filled with waves of beautiful, soul-stirring sound.

(A) 거장 Brooks가 학급 학생들이 배우도록 바이올린으로 모차르트 곡을 연주했을 때, 교실은 아름답고 영혼을 감동시키는 소리의 물결로 가득했다. 

The class tried to emulate the music played by this renowned guest musician.

학급 학생들은 이 유명한 초빙 음악가가 연주한 곡을 열심히 배우려고 노력했다.

Among the students in the class, Joe Brooks was by far the best. In fact, Joe was the master’s son.

학급 학생 중에 Joe Brooks가 단연 최고였다. 사실 Joe는 그 명연주자의 아들이었다. 

His father had placed a baby violin in his hands at the age of four, and Joe was a natural talent.

그의 아버지는 그가 네 살 때 유아용 바이올린을 그의 손에 쥐여 주었고, Joe는 천부적인 재능이 있었다. 

Now, just twelve years later, he was already on (a) his way to becoming a virtuoso like his father. 

이제 겨우 12년 후에, 그는 이미 자신의 아버지처럼 거장이 되는 자신의 길을 가고 있었다. 

(D) After the class, Joe was alone with his father.

(D) 수업 후에 Joe가 아버지와 단둘이 있게 되었다. 

He had something important to talk about. Joe took a deep breath and said, “I have been asked to play in a concert, and I would like your permission first. It is a crossover concert.”

 그는 뭔가 중요한 이야기가 있었 다. Joe는 심호흡을 하고 말했다. “저는 콘서트에서 연주해 달라는 요청을 받았는데, 먼저 아버지의 허락을 받고 싶어요. 그것은 크로스오버 콘서트예요.” 

Master Brooks looked surprised. Indeed, the master’s dislike of crossover music was no secret.

명연주자 Brooks는 놀란 표정이었다. 진정, 그 명연주가 크로스오버 음악을 싫어하는 것은 공공연한 일이었다. 

“Father,” Joe took a deep breath and continued, “I respect your views, but it is not what (e) you think. “아버지,” Joe가 심호흡을 하고 계속 말했다. “저는 아버지의 견해 를 존중하지만, 그것은 아버지가 생각하는 그런 것이 아니에요. 

Why don’t you come and listen to our practice tomorrow? If you don’t like it, I will cancel.”

내일 우리 연습에 오셔서 들어 보지 않으시겠어요? 아버지 마음에 안 드시면 취소할게요.”

(C) “Well, did you get permission?” asked Brian as soon as Joe entered the practice room the following day.

(C) “저, 허락받았니?” 다음 날 Joe가 연습실에 들어서자마자 Brian이 물었다. 

“Um, I’m not sure,” answered Joe without confidence.

 “음, 잘 모르겠어.” Joe가 자신 없게 말했다.

“(c) You can tell us about it after practice,”

“연습 후에 네가 우리에게 말해 줘도 돼.” 

Brian said as he placed his fingers on the keyboard. Beside him, Nick was tuning his guitar.

 Brian이 키보드에 손을 얹으며 말했다. 그의 옆에서 Nick이 자신의 기타를 조율하고 있었다. 

Joe thought that he would play just one last time before telling them that (d) he might pull out of the concert.

Joe는 그 콘서트에서 자신이 빠질지도 모른다는 것을 그들에게 말하기 전에 마지막으로 딱 한 번만 연주하겠다고 생각했다. 

The trio swung into their routine, as easily as only a group that had practiced long and hard together could.

그 3인조는 자신들의 일상적인 연주에 들어갔는데, 오랫동안 함께 열심히 연습한 그룹만이 할 수 있는 수준으로 쉽게 들어갔다. 

(B) When they finished practicing, Joe noticed his father standing in the corner.

(B) 그들이 연주를 마쳤을 때, Joe는 자신의 아버지가 구석에 서 있는 것을 알아차렸다.

“Wow, that was quite wonderful,” he said with admiration.

 “와, 정말 멋진 연주야.” 그가 감탄하며 말했다. 

Master Brooks came toward his son.

명연주자 Brooks는 아들 쪽으로 다가갔다. 

“I love the way you created those unique sounds while keeping the spirit of the violin.

“나는 네가 바이올린의 정신을 지키면서 그런 독특한 소리를 만들어내는 방식이 좋구나.

I underestimated the power that crossover music can create,” said Master Brooks to (b) him. 

크로스오버 음악이 창조할 수 있는 힘을 내가 과소평가했어.”라고 명 연주자 Brooks가 그에게 말했다. 

Joe and his father returned home, both humming the melody that the band had been practicing.

Joe와 그의 아버지는 둘 다 그 밴드가 연습해 왔던 그 멜로디를 흥얼거리며 집으로 돌아갔다. 

[31～34] 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

31. 

Some people have defined wildlife damage management as the science and management of overabundant species, but this definition is too narrow.

어떤 사람들은 야생 동물 피해 관리를 과잉 종들에 대한 과학과 관리로 정의했지만, 이 정의는 너무 좁다.

All wildlife species act in ways that harm human interests.

 모든 야생 동물 종들은 인간의 이익에 해를 끼치는 방식으로 행동한다. 

Thus, all species cause wildlife damage, not just overabundant ones.

따라서 단지 과잉 종뿐만 아니라 모든 종이 야생 동물 피해를 야기한다. 

One interesting example of this involves endangered peregrine falcons in California, which prey on another endangered species, the California least tern.

이것의 흥미로운 한 사례는 캘리포니아의 멸종 위기에 처한 송골매인데, 그것들은 캘 리포니아 작은 제비갈매기라는 또 다른 멸종 위기 종을 먹이로 한다. 

Certainly, we would not consider peregrine falcons as being overabundant, but we wish that they would not feed on an endangered species.

분명히 우리는 송골매를 과잉이라고 생각하지 않겠지만, 우리는 그것들이 멸종 위기에 처한 종들을 먹고 살지 않기를 바란다. 

In this case, one of the negative values associated with a peregrine falcon population is that its predation reduces the population of another endangered species.

이런 경우에, 송골매 개체 수와 관련된 부정적인 가치들 중 하나는 그것의 포식이 또 다른 멸종 위기 종들의 개체 수를 감소시킨다는 것이다. 

The goal of wildlife damage management in this case would be to stop the falcons from eating the terns without harming the falcons.

이런 경우에 야생 동물 피해 관리의 목표는 송골매에 해를 끼치지 않고 송골매가 작 은 제비갈매기를 잡아먹지 못하게 하는 것일 것이다.

32.

Through recent decades academic archaeologists have been urged to conduct their research and excavations according to hypothesis-testing procedures.

최근 몇 십 년 동안 내내 학계의 고고학자들은 가설 검증 절차에 따라 연구와 발굴을 수행하라고 촉구받아 왔다. 

It has been argued that we should construct our general theories, deduce testable propositions and prove or disprove them against the sampled data.

우리가 일반적인 이론을 구축하고, 검증할 수 있는 명제를 추론하며, 그것을 표본 자료와 비교하여 증명하거나 틀렸음을 입증해야 한다고 주장 되어 왔다. 

In fact, the application of this ‘scientific method’ often ran into difficulties.

사실 이런 ‘과학적 방법’의 적용은 자주 어려움에 봉착했다. 

The data have a tendency to lead to unexpected questions, problems and issues.

자료는 예상 치 못한 질문, 문제 그리고 쟁점으로 이어지는 경향이 있다. 

Thus, archaeologists claiming to follow hypothesis-testing procedures found themselves having to create a fiction.

따라서 가설 검증 절차 를 따를 것을 주장하는 고고학자들은 자신도 모르게 가공의 이야기를 써야 했다. 

In practice, their work and theoretical conclusions partly ① from the data which they had discovered developed.

실제로는, 그들의 연구물과 이론적 결론이 부분적으로 자신들이 발견했던 자료에서 비롯되었다. 

In other words, they already knew the data when they decided upon an interpretation.

다시 말해서, 그들이 어떤 해석으로 결정할 때 그들은 이미 그 자료를 알고 있었던 것이다. 

But in presenting their work they rewrote the script, placing the theory first and claiming to have tested it against data which they discovered, as in an experiment under laboratory conditions.

그러나 연구물을 발표할 때, 그들은 실험실 조건에서의 실험에서처럼 이론을 앞세우고 그것을 자신들이 발견한 자료와 비교하여 검증했다고 주장하면서 대본을 다시 작성했다.

33. 

Digital technology accelerates dematerialization by hastening the migration from products to services.

디지털 기술은 제품에서 서비스로의 이동을 촉진함으로써 비물질화를 가속한다. 

The liquid nature of services means they don’t have to be bound to materials.

서비스의 유동적인 특성은 그것들이 물질에 얽매일 필요가 없다는 것을 의미한다. 

But dematerialization is not just about digital goods.

그러나 비물질화는 단지 디지털 상품에 관련된 것만은 아니다. 

The reason even solid physical goods ― like a soda can ― can deliver more benefits while inhabiting less material is because their heavy atoms are substituted by weightless bits.

탄산음료 캔과 같은, 고체의 물리적 상품조차도 더 적은 양의 물질을 가지고 있으면서도 더 많은 이익을 내놓을 수 있는 이유는 그것들의 무거운 원자가 무게가 없는 비트로 대체되기 때문이다. 

The tangible is replaced by intangibles ― intangibles like better design, innovative processes, smart chips, and eventually online connectivity ― that do the work that more aluminum atoms used to do.

유형의 것들은 더 많은 알루미늄 원자들이 하던 일을 하는 무형의 것들, 즉 더 나은 설 계, 혁신적인 과정, 스마트 칩, 그리고 궁극적으로 온라인 연결성 등에 의해 대체된다. 

Soft things, like intelligence, are thus embedded into hard things, like aluminum, that make hard things behave more like software.

따라서 지능과 같이 부드러운 것들이 알루미늄과 같은 단단한 물건에 삽입되어서, 딱딱한 물건들을 더 소프트웨어처럼 작용하게 만든다. 

Material goods infused with bits increasingly act as if ① they were intangible services.

비트가 주입된 물질적 상품들 은 점점 마치 그것들이 무형의 서비스인 것처럼 행동한다. 

Nouns morph to verbs.

명사가 동사로 변한다.

Hardware behaves like software.

 하드웨어가 소프트웨어처럼 동작한다. 

In Silicon Valley they say it like this: “Software eats everything.” [3점]

Silicon Valley에서 사람들은 이렇게 말한다. “소프트웨어가 모든 것을 먹는다.” 

34.

Not all Golden Rules are alike;

모든 황금률이 다 같은 것은 아니다. 

two kinds emerged over time.

시간이 지나면서 두 종류가 나타났다. 

The negative version instructs restraint; the positive encourages intervention.

부정적인 버전은 자제를 지시하고, 긍정적인 버전은 개입을 장려한다. 

One sets a baseline of at least not causing harm; the other points toward aspirational or idealized beneficent behavior.

하나는 최소한 해를 끼치 지 않는 기준선을 설정하고, 다른 하나는 염원하거나 이상화된 선행을 베푸는 행위를 가리킨다. 

While examples of these rules abound, too many to list exhaustively, let these versions suffice for our purpose here: “What is hateful to you do not do to another” and “Love another as yourself.”

이러한 규칙의 예는 많아서, 너무 많아서 남김없이 열거할 수 없을 정도지 만, 여기서는 우리의 목적을 위해 다음의 버전, 즉 “자신이 싫은 것은 다른 사람에게 행하지 말라.”와 “타인을 자신처럼 사랑하라.”로 충분한 것으로 하자. 

Both versions insist on caring for others, whether through acts of omission, such as not injuring, or through acts of commission, by actively intervening.

 해치지 않는 것 과 같은 부작위를 통해서든, 아니면 적극적으로 개입함에 의한 작위를 통해서든, 이 두 버전은 모두 다른 사람을 배려할 것을 주장한다. 

Yet while these Golden Rules encourage an agent to care for an other, they ④ do not require abandoning self-concern altogether.

그러나 이러한 황금률이 행위자 에게 타자를 배려하도록 권장하는 반면, 그것들은 자신에 대해 마음 쓰는 것을 완전 히 버리는 것을 요구하지는 않는다. 

The purposeful displacement of concern away from the ego nonetheless remains partly self-referential. Both the negative and the positive versions invoke the ego as the fundamental measure against which behaviors are to be evaluated. [3점] 

의도적으로 관심을 자아로부터 멀어지도록 옮긴 다 해도, 그럼에도 불구하고 부분적으로는 자신을 가리키는 상태로 남아 있다. 부정적 인 버전과 긍정적인 버전은 둘 다 행동 평가의 기준이 되는 본질적인 척도로서 자아 를 언급한다.

35. 다음 글에서 전체 흐름과 관계 없는 문장은?

When a dog is trained to detect drugs, explosives, contraband, or other items, the trainer doesn’t actually teach the dog how to smell; the dog already knows how to discriminate one scent from another.

개가 마약, 폭발물, 밀수품, 혹은 다른 품목들을 탐지하도록 훈련받을 때, 조련사는 사실 개에게 냄새 맡는 법을 가르치지 않는데, 개는 이미 한 냄새를 다른 냄새와 구 별하는 법을 알고 있기 때문이다. 

Rather, the dog is trained to become emotionally aroused by one smell versus another.

오히려 개는 다른 냄새와 대조하여 한 냄새에 의해 감정적으로 자극을 받도록 훈련된다. 

① In the step-by-step training process, the trainer attaches an “emotional charge” to a particular scent so that the dog is drawn to it above all others.

단계적 훈련 과정에서, 조련사는 어느 특정한 냄 새에 ‘정서적 감흥’을 부여하며, 그래서 개는 다른 모든 냄새에 우선하여 그 냄새에 이끌린다. 

② And then the dog is trained to search out the desired item on cue, so that the trainer can control or release the behavior.

그런 다음, 그 개는 조련사가 개의 행동을 통제하거나 발산시킬 수 있도록 신호에 따라 바라는 품목을 찾아내도록 훈련된다. 

③ This emotional arousal is also why playing tug with a dog is a more powerful emotional reward in a training regime than just giving a dog a food treat, since the trainer invests more emotion into a game of tug.

이러한 정서적 자극은 또한 개와 당기기 놀이를 하는 것이 단지 개에게 맛있는 특별한 먹이를 주는 것보다 훈련 체계 에서 더욱 강력한 정서적 보상이 되는 이유이기도 한데, 왜냐하면 조련사가 당기기 게임에 더 많은 감정을 투입하기 때문이다. 

④ As long as the trainer gives the dog a food reward regularly, the dog can understand its “good” behavior results in rewards.

(조련사가 정기적으로 개에게 먹이를 주는 한, 개는 자신의 ‘좋은’ 행동이 보상을 초래한다는 것을 이해할 수 있다.) 

⑤ From a dog’s point of view, the tug toy is compelling because the trainer is “upset” by the toy. 

개의 관점에 서 그 당기기 장난감은 조련사가 그 장난감에 의해 ‘흥분하기’ 때문에 흥미진진하다.

 [36～37] 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

36.  

Notation was more than a practical method for preserving an expanding repertoire of music.

악보 표기법은 음악의 확장되는 레퍼토리를 보존하기 위한 실용적인 방법 이상이었다. 

(B) It changed the nature of the art itself.

(B) 그것은 그 예술 자체의 본성을 바꾸었다. 

To write something down means that people far away in space and time can re-create it.

뭔가를 적는다는 것은 공간과 시간면에서 멀리 떨어져 있는 사람들이 그것을 재창조할 수 있다는 것을 의미한다. 

At the same time, there are downsides.

동시에, 단점이 있다.

(A) Written notes freeze the music rather than allowing it to develop in the hands of individuals, and it discourages improvisation.

(A) 악보로 쓰인 음은 그 음악이 개인들의 손에서 발전하도록 허용하기보다는 그 음악을 굳어지게 하며, 즉흥 연주를 억제한다. 

Partly because of notation, modern classical performance lacks the depth of nuance that is part of aural tradition.

 부분적으로 악보 표기 때문에 현대의 고전 음악 공연은 청각 전승 방식의 일부인 뉘앙스의 깊이가 결여된다. 

Before notation arrived, in all history music was largely carried on as an aural tradition.

악보 표기법이 등장하기 전에, 역사를 통틀어 음악은 대체로 청각 전승 방식으로 계속되었다. 

(C) Most world music is still basically aural, including sophisticated musical traditions such as Indian and Balinese.

(C) 인도 음악과 발리 음악과 같이 정교한 음악적인 전통을 포함하여 대 부분의 전세계의 음악은 여전히 기본적으로 청각적이다. 

Most jazz musicians can read music but often don’t bother, and their art is much involved with improvisation.

재즈 음악가 대부분은 악보 를 읽을 수 있지만 흔히 신경 쓰지 않으며, 그들의 예술은 즉흥 연주와 많은 연관을 맺고 있다. 

Many modern pop musicians, one example being Paul McCartney, can’t read music at all.

많은 현대 대중 음악가들은, Paul McCartney가 한 사례인데, 악보를 전혀 읽지 못한다.

37. 

Marshall McLuhan, among others, noted that clothes are people’s extended skin, wheels extended feet, camera and telescopes extended eyes.

특히 Marshall McLuhan은 옷이 사람들의 확장된 피부이고, 바퀴는 확장된 발이며, 카메라와 망원경은 확장된 눈이라고 말했다. 

Our technological creations are great extrapolations of the bodies that our genes build.

우리의 기술적인 창조물들은 우리의 유전자가 형성하는 신체의 위대한 연장이다. 

(B) In this way, we can think of technology as our extended body.

(B) 이런 방식으로, 우리는 기술을 우리의 확장된 신체라고 생각할 수 있다. 

During the industrial age it was easy to see the world this way.

산업 시대에는 세상을 이런 식으로 보는 것이 쉬웠다. 

Steam-powered shovels, locomotives, television, and the levers and gears of engineers were a fabulous exoskeleton that turned man into superman.

증기력으로 움직이는 동력삽, 기관차, 텔레비전, 그리고 엔지니어의 지렛대와 톱 니바퀴는 인간을 슈퍼맨으로 바꿔준 엄청난 외골격이었다. 

(C) A closer look reveals the flaw in this analogy: The extended costume of animals is the result of their genes.

(C) 더 자세히 살펴보면 이 비유의 결점이 드러난다. 동물들의 확장된 의상은 그들의 유전자의 결과물이다. 

They inherit the basic blueprints of what they make. Humans don’t.

 그들은 자신들이 만드는 것의 기본 청사진을 물려받는다. 인간은 그렇지 않다. 

(A) The blueprints for our shells spring from our minds, which may spontaneously create something none of our ancestors ever made or even imagined.

(A) 우리의 겉모습을 위한 청사진은 우리의 정신으로부터 나오는데, 그것은 우리 조상들 중 어느 누구도 만들어 내거나 심지어 상상하지도 못했던 것을 자연스럽게 만들어 낼 수 도 있다.

If technology is an extension of humans, it is not an extension of our genes but of our minds.

 기술이 인간의 확장이라면, 그것은 우리의 유전자의 확장이 아니라 우리의 정신의 확장이다. 

Technology is therefore the extended body for ideas. [3점]

그러므로 기술은 아이디어를 위한 확장된 몸이다. 

24. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은? [3점]

Racial and ethnic relations in the United States are better today than in the past, but many changes are needed before sports are a model of inclusion and fairness.

오늘날 미국의 인종 및 민족 관계는 과거보다 더 낫지만, 스포츠가 통합과 공정성의 모델이 되기까지 여러 가지 변화들이 필요하다. 

The challenges today are different from the ones faced twenty years ago, and experience shows that when current challenges are met, a new social situation is created in which new challenges emerge.

오늘날의 문제들은 20년 전에 직면했 던 것들과는 다르며, 경험으로 알 수 있는 것은 현재의 문제들에 잘 대응하고 나면 새로운 문제가 등장하는 새로운 사회적 상황이 만들어진다는 것이다. 

For example, once racial and ethnic segregation is eliminated and people come together, they must learn to live, work, and play with each other despite diverse experiences and cultural perspectives.

예를 들면, 일단 인 종적, 민족적 차별이 제거되고 사람들이 화합하고 나면, 그들은 다양한 경험과 문화적 시각에도 불구하고 서로 함께 살고 일하고 노는 법을 배워야 한다. 

Meeting this challenge requires a commitment to equal treatment, plus learning about the perspectives of others, understanding how they define and give meaning to the world, and then determining how to form and maintain relationships while respecting differences, making compromises, and supporting one another in the pursuit of goals that may not always be shared.

이러한 문제에 잘 대응하는 것은 평등한 대우와 그에 더하여 다른 사람들의 시각에 대하여 배우고, 그 들이 세상을 어떻게 규정하고 의미를 부여하는지를 이해하며, 그런 다음 차이를 존중 하고, 타협하고, 항상 공유되지는 않을 수도 있는 목표를 추구하는 과정에서 서로를 지원하는 가운데, 어떻게 관계를 형성하고 유지할지를 결정하는 데 대한 헌신적인 노력을 필요로 한다. 

None of this is easy, and challenges are never met once and for all time.

이들 중 쉬운 것은 없으며, 문제는 결코 단번에 완전히 해결되지 않는다. 

25. 다음 도표의 내용과 일치하지 않는 것은?

The graph above shows the average kilocalorie intake from sugar-sweetened beverages by age group and gender on a given day during 2011-2014 in the United States.

위 도표는 미국에서 2011년부터 2014년까지의 기간 중 어느 특정한 날에 연령 집단 별 및 성별로 설탕이 가미된 음료로부터의 킬로칼로리 평균 섭취량을 보여준다. 

① In each age group, males had higher average kilocalorie intake from sugar-sweetened beverages than females did.

각 연령 집단에서, 남성은 여성보다 설탕이 가미된 음료로부터 더 높은 킬로칼로리 평균 섭취량을 보였다. 

② Among the male groups, the group aged 20-39 had the highest average kilocalorie intake from sugar-sweetened beverages.

남성 집단 사이에서는, 20~39세 집단이 설탕이 가미된 음료로부터 가장 높은 킬로칼로리 평균 섭취량을 보였다. 

③ Among the female groups, the group aged 12-19 had the highest average kilocalorie intake from sugar-sweetened beverages, followed by the group aged 20-39.

여성 집단에서는 12~19세 집단이 설탕 이 가미된 음료로부터 가장 높은 킬로칼로리 평균 섭취량을 보였으며, 그다음으로는 20~39세 집단이었다. 

④ Among the male groups, the group aged 2-5 had the lowest average kilocalorie intake from sugar-sweetened beverages.

남성 집단 사이에서는, 2~5세 집단이 설탕이 가미된 음료로부터 가장 낮은 킬로칼로리 평균 섭취량을 보였다. 

⑤ Among the female groups, likewise, the youngest group had the lowest average kilocalorie intake from sugar-sweetened beverages. 

여성 집단 사이에서도 마찬가지로, 가장 어린 연령 집단이 설탕이 가미된 음료로부터 가장 낮은 킬로칼로리 평균 섭취량을 보였다. 

26. Great Bear Rainforest에 관한 다음 글의 내용과 일치하지 않는 것은?

Along the coast of British Columbia lies a land of forest green and sparkling blue.

 British Columbia의 해안가를 따라서 짙은 황록색과 반짝이는 파란색의 지대가 위치 하고 있다.

This land is the Great Bear Rainforest, which measures 6.4 million hectares ― about the size of Ireland or Nova Scotia.

이 지대는 Great Bear Rainforest인데, 면적이 640만 헥타르, 즉 Ireland나 Nova Scotia 정도의 크기이다. 

It is home to a wide variety of wildlife.

그것은 매우 다양한 야생 동물의 서식지이다. 

One of the unique animals living in the area is the Kermode bear.

그 지역에 서식하는 독특한 동물 중 하나는 Kermode 곰이다. 

It is a rare kind of bear known to be the official mammal of British Columbia.

그것은 British Columbia의 공식 포유류로 알려져 있는 희귀종 곰이다. 

Salmon are also found here.

 연어 또한 이곳에서 발견된다.

They play a vital role in this area’s ecosystem as a wide range of animals, as well as humans, consume them.

인간뿐만 아니라 매우 다양한 동물들이 그것을 먹기 때문에 그것은 이 지역의 생 태계에서 매우 중요한 역할을 한다.

The Great Bear Rainforest is also home to the Western Red Cedar, a tree that can live for several hundred years. 

 Great Bear Rainforest는 또한 수백 년 동안 살 수 있는 나무인 Western Red Cedar의 서식지이기도 하다. 

The tree’s wood is lightweight and rot-resistant, so it is used for making buildings and furniture.

 그 나무의 목재는 가볍 고 부패에 저항력이 있어서 건축물을 짓고 가구를 만드는 데 사용된다.

27. 2019 Fitness EXPO에 관한 다음 안내문의 내용과 일치하지 않는 것은?

2019 Fitness EXPO 2019 Fitness EXPO는 새로 나온 건강 제품을 체험하고 피트니스 수업, 경연, 그리 고 훨씬 더 많은 것을 즐길 수 있는 연례행사입니다. 날짜 및 시간: 2019년 6월 22일~23일, 오전 10시~오후 6시 장소: Healfit Convention Hall 입장료: 1일 입장권 10달러 / 2일 입장권 18달러 (12세 이하는 무료입장합니다.) 숙박 시설 Healfit Hotel이 객실을 특별가로 제공합니다. www.healfithotel.com에서 숙박을 예 약하세요. 활동 • 전문 트레이너가 진행하는 피트니스 수업 • 챔피언에게 트로피가 수여되는 팔씨름 토너먼트 • 비전문가들만 참가할 수 있는 댄스 피트니스 경연 더 많은 정보를 얻으시려면 우리의 웹 사이트 www.ibeingfit.com을 방문하세요. 

① 새로 나온 건강 제품을 체험할 수 있다.

② 12세 이하는 무료입장이다.

③ Healfit Hotel이 객실을 특별가로 제공한다.

④ 팔씨름 토너먼트 챔피언에게는 트로피가 수여된다.

⑤ 댄스 피트니스 경연은 전문가들이 참가할 수 있다.

28. 2019 Mountain Today Wildflower Photo Contest에 관한 다음 안내문의 내용과 일치하는 것은?

2019 Mountain Today Wildflower Photo Contest Mountain Today 는 지역 고등학생 대상의 사진 대회를 개최합니다. 우리는 여러분이 촬영한 최고의 야생화 사진을 보고 싶습니다. • 참가비 없음 • 출품 기한: 2019년 6월 7일 18시 • 출품 방법: www.mountaintoday.com에 업로드하세요. 출품 분야 • 야생화와 함께하는 사람들 • 야생화가 있는 풍경

시상 • 1등: 분야별 1명에게 200달러 • 2등: 분야별 1명에게 100달러 • 입상자들은 2019년 6월 21일에 웹사이트에 게시될 것입니다. 입상자들에게 개별 통지도 해드릴 것입니다. 세부 사항 • 모든 사진은 JPEG 형식으로 업로드 되어야 합니다. • 사진 편집은 허용되지 않습니다. • 출품 사진의 총 매수는 학생당 4장으로 제한됩니다. 

① 참가비가 있다.

② 출품 분야는 세 가지이다.

③ 입상자들에게 개별 통지는 하지 않을 것이다.

④ 사진 편집이 허용되지 않는다.

⑤ 학생 1인당 출품 사진 수에 제한이 없다.

29.  다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은? [3점] 

An interesting aspect of human psychology is that we tend to like things more and find them more ① appealing if everything about those things is not obvious the first time we experience them.

인간 심리의 흥미로운 일면은, 우리가 처음으로 어떤 것들을 경험할 때 그것들에 대 한 모든 것이 분명하지는 않은 경우에 그것들을 더 좋아하고 그것들이 더 매력적이라 고 생각하는 경향이 있다는 것이다. 

This is certainly true in music.

이것은 음악에 있어서 분명히 사실이다. 

For example, we might hear a song on the radio for the first time that catches our interest and ② decide we like it.

예를 들어 우리는 라디오에서 우리의 관심을 끄는 노래를 처음 듣고, 그 노래가 마음에 든다 고 결정을 내릴 수 있다. 

Then the next time we hear it, we hear a lyric we didn’t catch the first time, or we might notice ③ what the piano or drums are doing in the background.

그러고 나서 다음에 그것을 들을 때, 우리는 처음에 알아차 리지 못한 가사를 듣거나, 배경에서 피아노나 드럼이 무엇을 하고 있는지 알아챌 수 있다. 

A special harmony ④ emerges that we missed before.

우리가 전에 놓쳤던 특별한 화음이 나타난다. 

We hear more and more and understand more and more with each listening.

우리는 점점 더 많은 것을 듣게 되고, 매번 들을 때마다 점점 더 많이 이해하게 된다. 

Sometimes, the longer ⑤ that  ( -> it) takes for a work of art to reveal all of its subtleties to us, the more fond of that thing ― whether it’s music, art, dance, or architecture ― we become.

때때로 예술 작품이 우리에게 그것의 중요한 세부 요소들을 모두 드러내는 데 걸리는 시간이 길어질수록, 그것이 음악이든, 미술이든, 춤이든, 또는 건축이든 간에 우리는 그것을 더 좋아하게 된다.

30. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하지 않은 것은?

Sometimes the awareness that one is distrusted can provide the necessary incentive for self-reflection.

때로는 신임을 얻지 못한다는 인식이 자기 성찰에 필요한 동기를 제공할 수 있다. 

An employee who ① realizes she isn’t being trusted by her co-workers with shared responsibilities at work might, upon reflection, identify areas where she has consistently let others down or failed to follow through on previous commitments.

직장에서 자신의 동료들이 공유된 책무를 자신에게 (믿고) 맡기지 않고 있다는 사실을 깨달은 직원은 성찰을 통해 자신이 지속적으로 다른 사람들을 실망하게 했거나 이전 의 약속들을 이행하지 못했던 분야를 찾아낼 수 있다. 

Others’ distrust of her might then ② forbid her to perfrm her share of the duties in a way that makes her more worthy of their trust.

그러면 그녀에 대한 다른 사람 들의 불신은, 그녀가 그들의 신임을 받을 만한 자격이 더 생기게 해 주는 방식으로 그녀가 직무의 자기 몫을 수행하지 못하게 할(→하도록 동기를 부여할) 수 있다. 

But distrust of one who is ③ sincere in her efforts to be a trustworthy and dependable person can be disorienting and might cause her to doubt her own perceptions and to distrust herself.

하지만 신뢰할 만하고 믿을 만한 사람이 되려는 노력을 성실하게 하는 사람에 대한 불신 은 혼란스럽게 할 수 있고, 그녀로 하여금 자신의 인식을 의심하고 자신을 불신하게 할 수 있다. 

Consider, for instance, a teenager whose parents are ④ suspicious and distrustful when she goes out at night; even if she has been forthright about her plans and is not ⑤ breaking any agreed-upon rules, her identity as a respectable moral subject is undermined by a pervasive parental attitude that expects deceit and betrayal.

예를 들어 밤에 외출할 때 의심하고 믿지 않는 부모를 가진 십 대 소녀 를 생각해 보라. 비록 그녀가 자신의 계획에 대해 솔직해 왔고 합의된 규칙은 어떤 것도 어기고 있지 않을지라도, 존경할 만한 도덕적 주체로서의 그녀의 정체성은 속임 수와 배신을 예상하는 널리 스며 있는 부모의 태도에 의해 손상된다.