초등 중등 고등 영어 자료실

2-1 .다음 빈 칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

Emotions are an important link between human nature and culture.

감정은 인간의 본성과 문화를 연결하는 중요한 고리이다.

The analysis of the place of emotions in human behavior has an extensive history.

인간의 행동에서 감정의 위치에 대한 분석은 긴 역사를 가지고 있다.

It starts appropriately with Darwin and his 1872 book The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals.

그것이 다윈과 그의 1872년의 책 ‘The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals’로 시작한다는 것은 적절하다.

Darwin believed that many, though not all, emotional expressions in humans are ______________.

다윈은 전부는 아니더라도 인간의 많은 감정의 표현들은 선천적이라고 믿었다.

In making his case, Darwin drew on four kinds of evidence.

자기주장의 정당성을 입증할때 ,다윈은 네가지 종류의 증거를 이용했다.

He pointed out that some emotional expressions appear in similar form in many nonhuman animals.

그는 일부 감정의 표현들은 인간 이외의 많은 동물들에게 비슷한 형태로 나타난다고 지적했다.

Some emotions also appear in very youn children before much opportunity for cultural learning has occurred.

일부 감정들은 또한 문화학습의 많은 기회가 생기기 전에 매우 어린 아이들에게 나타나기도 한다.

Moreover, some are expressed in identical ways by humans born blind and thus unalbe to mimic the appearance of a gesture or expression.

더욱이 어떤 것들은 시각장애인으로 태어나서 몸동작이나 (감정) 표현의 모습을 흉내 낼 수 없는 인간에 의해 동일한 방식으로 표현된다.

Finally, many emotional expressions appear in similar from across all human groups.

마지막으로 많은 감정의 표현 들은 모든 인간의 집단에 두루 비슷한 형태로 나타난다.

Smiling is an example of an emotion that offers all four of these kinds of evidence.

미소짓는것은 이런 모든 네가지 종류의 증거를 제공하는 감정의 한 사례 이다.

(1) innate

(2) functional

(3) predictive

(4) contagious

(5) unreadable

어법고르기문제

Emotions are an important link between human nature and culture.

The analysis of the place of emotions in human behavior (have/has) an extensive history.

It starts appropriately with Darwin and his 1872 book The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals.

Darwin believed that many, though not all, emotional expressions in humans are ______________.

In making his case, Darwin drew on four kinds of evidence.

He pointed out that some emotional expressions (appeared/appear) in similar form in many nonhuman animals.

Some emotions also appear in very youn children before (many/much) opportunity for cultural learning (occurred/has occurred).

Moreover, some are (expressing/expressed) in identical ways (to/by) humans born blind and thus unalbe to mimic the appearance of a gesture or expression.

Finally, many emotional expressions (are appeared/appear) in similar from across all human groups.

Smiling is an example of an emotion that (is offered/offers) all four of these kinds of evidence.

2-2. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

Different bacterial species need different nutrients ; some prefer sugar, and others live off fat.

서로 다른 박테리아 종에게는 서로 다른 영양소가 필요하다. 어떤 것들은 당분을 선호하고, 다른 것들은 지방으로 살아간다.

But they not only fight with one another for food, and to retain a foothold in the ecosystem.

그러나 그것들은 먹이를 얻기 위해서, 그리고 생태계 내에서 발판을 유지하기 위해서, 서로 간에 싸우기만 하는 것은 아니다.

Your gut bugs often want different things than you do, and they’re not shy about going after their goals.

소화관 미생물은 흔히 여러분이 원하는 것과는 다른 것들을 원하며, 자신들의 목표를 추구하는 것을 두려워하지 않는다.

Your gut bugs have the ability to impact your behavior and mood by altering the neural signals in your vagus nerve.

소화관 미생물은 여러분의 미주 신경의 신경 신호를 바꿈으로써 여러분의 행동과 기분에 영향을 미치는 능력을 가지고 있다.

They change taste receptors and produce toxins to make you feel bad when you don’t eat the things they want, or release chemical rewards to make you feel good when you do.

그것들은 자신들이 원하는 것을 여러분이 먹지 않을 때 미각 수용기를 변화시키고 독소를 생산하여 여러분을 기분 나쁘게 만들거나, 여러분이 ‘그것들이 원하는 것을 먹을’ 때 화학적 보상 물질을 방출하여 여러분을 기분 좋게 만든다.

So the bacteria inside your gut are actually manipulating you.

따라서 여러분 소화관 내의 박테리아는 사실상 여러분을 조종하고 있다.

It’s important to understand this, because it’s what makes it so hard to change your diet : the bugs inside you are playing you like a big marionette, trying to force you to give them what they crave.

이것을 이해하는 것이 중요한데, 왜냐하면 그것이 바로 여러분의 식단을 바꾸는 것을 매우 어렵게 만들기 때문이다.
: 몸속의 미생물은 여러분을 큰 꼭두각시처럼 다뤄 그것들이 몹시 원하는 것을 여러분이 주도록 강요하고자 한다.

It’s a                        approach.

그것은 당근과 채찍 접근법이다.

(1) hit - or - miss      (2) trial - and - error   (3) fight - or - flight   (4) carrot and stick   (5) needle and thread 

어법고르기문제 ( )괄호안에 숫자는 틀린 단어 숫자 

Different bacterial species need different nutrients ; some prefer sugar, and the others live off fat. (1)

But they not only fight with one other for food, and retain a foothold in the ecosystem. (틀린단어1/빠진단어1)

Your gut bugs often want different things than you are, and they’re not shy about going after their goals.(1)

Your gut bugs have the ability to impact your behavior and mood (of/by) altering the neural signals in your vagus nerve.

They change taste receptors and produce toxins to make you feel bad when you don’t eat the things they want, or release chemical rewards (making/to make) you feel good when you do.

So the bacteria inside your gut (is/are) actually (manipulated by/manipulating) you.

It’s important to understand this, because it’s what makes them so hard to change your diet : the bugs inside you are played you like a big marionette, try to force you to give them what they crave.(3) 

It’s a                        approach.

2-3. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

Ideas can be misleading when they are taken out of the big picture context, or when something is evaluated without reference to its alternatives.

개념이오도할수있는경우는그개념이전체 상황의 맥락 밖으로 내보내질 때, 혹은 어떤 것이 다른 방도를 참고하지 않고서 평가될 때이다.

Imagine someone said that he is from a place where a loaf of bread costs a nickel.

어떤 사람이 빵 한 덩이가 5센트인 곳 출신이라고 말했다고 가정해 보라.

To make that information meaningful, most people would automatically ask about the typical earnings of an individual from that place.

그 정보를 유의미하게 만들기 위해서, 대부분의 사람들은 자동적으로 그곳 사람의 일반적인 소득에 관하여 물을 것이다.

However, too often when we receive information, we fail to ask, “compared to what?”

그러나 우리는 정보를 받을 때, “무엇에 비해?”라고 묻지 않는 경우가 너무 많다.

For example, if the news tells us that a new surgical method has led to 3,000 deaths, we jump to the conclusion that the surgical method is dangerous.

예를 들어 뉴스가 우리에게 새로운 수술 방법이 3,000명의 사망을 일으켰다고 말할 때 우리는 그 수술 방법이 위험 하다는 속단을 내린다.

But dangerous relative to what ?

그러나 무엇에 비해 위험한가?

Does not having surgery to correct the illness lead to more deaths?

그질병을 고치는 수술을 받지 않는것이 더 많은 사망을 일으키는가?

What treatment was used previously, and how did patients fare with it?

전에 어떤 치료법이 사용되었는가, 그리고 환자들이 그것으로 어떻게 되었는가?

will help you accurately evaluate the pros and cons of a decision.

적절한 상황에서 쟁점을 고려하는 것이 어느 결정에 대한 장단점을 정확하게 평가하는 데 도움을 줄 것이다.

(1) Reviewing the past to get better alternatives

(2) Considering issues in an appropriate context

(3) Understanding what kinds of problems can arise

(4) Analyzing the statistics presented by third parties

 (5) Distinguishing between causation and coincidence

어법문제 

Ideas can be (misled/misleading) when they are (taking/taken) out of the big picture context, or when something is evaluated without reference to its alternatives.

Imagine someone said that he is from a place which a loaf of bread costs a nickel.(1)

To make that information meaningfully, most people would automatically ask about the typically earnings of an individual from that place.(2)

However, too often when we receive information, we fail to ask, “(comparing/compared) to what?”

For example, if the news tells us that a new surgical method (leads/has led) to 3,000 deaths, we jump to the conclusion that the surgical method is dangerous.

But dangerous relative to (where/what) ?

Does not (have/having) surgery to correct the illness lead to more deaths?

What treatment was used previously, and how (was/did) patients fare with it?

will help you accurately evaluating the pros and cons of a decision.(1) 

2-4.  다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

Because all evidence of the past can only be found in the present, creating a story about the past inevitably implies interpreting this evidence in terms of processes with a certain history of its own.

과거의모든증거가현재에만발견될수있기 때문에, 과거에 관한 이야기를 만들어내는 것은 필연적으로 그 자체의 특정한 역사를 가진 과정의 관점에서 이런 증거를 해석하는 것을 수반한다.

We do so, because we experience both the surrounding environment and our own persons to be such processes.

우리가 그렇게 하는 이유는, 주변 환경과 우리 자신의 모습이 둘 다 그런 과정임을 경험으로 알기 때문이다.

As a result, all historical accounts are reconstructions of some sort, and thus likely to change over time.

결과적으로 모든 역사적 설명은 일종의 재구성이며, 따라서 시간이 지나면서 변할 가능성이 있다.

This also means that the study of history cannot offer absolute certainties, but only approximations, of a reality that once was.

이것은 또한 역사의 연구가 한때 있었던 사실에 대한 절대적인 확신이 아니라 오직 근사치만을 제공할 수 있다는 것을 의미하기도 한다.

In other words,                                     .

다시 말해서 진정한 역사적 설명은 존재하지 않는다.

This may sound as if there is endless leeway in the ways the past is viewed.

이것은 마치 과거를 보는 방식에 끊임없는 자유재량의 여지가 있는 것처럼 들릴 수 있다.

In my opinion, that is not the case.

내 생각으로는 그것은 사실이 아니다.

Just as in any other field of science, the major test for historical reconstructions is whether, and to what extent, they accommodate the existing data in a concise and precise manner.

다른 모든 과학의 분야에서처럼, 역사적 재구성을 위한 주요 기준은, 그것이 현존하는 자료를 간결하고 정확하게 담아내는지의 여부와 그 정도이다.

* fare 되어가다, 지내다 * approximation 근사치 ** leeway 자유재량의 여지 

(1) true historical accounts do not exist

(2) rewriting history can predict the future

(3) history is considered more potent than myth

(4) there is no neat history of political correctness

(5) those who forget history are doomed to repeat it

어법문제

Because all evidence of the past can only (be found/find) in the present, (creating/created) a story about the past inevitably implies interpreting this evidence in terms of processes with a certain history of its own.

We (did/do) so, because we experience both the (surrounded/surrounding) environment and our own persons to be such processes.

As a result, all historical accounts (is/are) reconstructions of some sort, and thus likely to change over time.

This also means that the study of history cannot offer absolute certainties, but only approximations, of a reality that once (did/was).

In other words,                    .

This may sound as if there is endless leeway in the ways the past (is viewed/viewed).

In my opinion, that is not the case.

Just as in any (another/other) field of science, the major test for historical reconstructions (being/is) whether, and (to what/to which) extent, they accommodate the existing data in a concise and precise manner.

2-5.  다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

Sleep is essentially a time-management adaptation.

수면은 본질적으로 시간 관리의 적응이다.

Our body’s internal clock evolved to keep us out of circulation when there’s not much of a living to be made — at 3 A.M., for instance — and awake when there is.

우리신체의체내시계는진화해서가령새벽 3시처럼 꾸릴 생계가 많이 없는 때에는 우리가 활동을 하지 않고, 꾸릴 생계가 많을 때에는 깨어있게 되었다.

Consider the brown bat, perhaps the longest-sleeping mammal of them all.

모든 포유류중 에 아마도 가장 잠을 오래자는 갈색 박쥐를 생각해 보라.

It sleeps twenty hours a day and spends the other four, at dusk, hunting mosquitoes and moths.

그 박쥐는 하루에 스무시간동안 잠을 자고 나머지 네 시간을 해질 무렵에 모기와 나방을 사냥하며 보낸다.

Why only four hours at dusk?

왜 해 질 무렵 단지 네 시간 뿐일까? 

Because that’s when food is plentiful.

그때가 먹이가 풍부한 때이기 때문이다.

But also because, as Jerome Siegel, a neuroscientist at UCLA, says, “increased waking time would seem to be highly maladaptive for this animal, since it would expend energy and be exposed to predatory birds with better vision and better flight abilities.”

뿐만 아니라 UCLA의 신경 과학자인 Jerome Siegel이 말하듯 “깨어있는 시간의 증가는 이 동물에게 매우 부적응적인 것처럼 보일 텐데, 왜냐 하면그렇게되면그동물이에너지를소비할 것이고, 더 좋은 시력과 더 좋은 비행 능력을 갖춘 육식성 조류에 노출될 것이기 때문이다.”

Siegel argues that our obsession with sleep quality and duration is, in a sense, backward.

우리가 수면의 질과 지속 시간에 집착을 하는 것이 어떤 의미에 있어서는 퇴행적이라고 Siegel은 주장한다.

“We spend a third of our life sleeping, which seems so maladaptive — ‘the biggest mistake nature has made,’ scientists often call it,” he told me.

“우리는 잠을 자며 인생의 3분의 1을 보내는데, 이는 매우 부적응적으로 보이고, 과학자 들은 흔히 이를 ‘자연이 한 최대의 실수’라고 부른다.”라고 그는 나에게 말했다.

“Another way of looking at it is that                          .”    

“관점을 바꿔서 생각하면 불필요하게 깨어있는 것이 더 큰 실수이다.”

(1) lack of sleep triggers a stress response

(2) unnecessary wakefulness is a bigger mistake

(3) animals perceive time differently than humans

(4) sleeping better is a way to make fewer mistakes

(5) no complex mechanism is needed to control sleep

어법문제

Sleep is essentially a time-management (adoption/adaptation).

Our body’s internal clock (evolving/evolved) to keep us out of circulation when there’s not much of a living to be made — at 3 A.M., for instance — and awake when there is.

(Considering/Consider) the brown bat, perhaps the longest-sleeping mammal of them all.

It sleeps twenty hours a day and spends the other four, at dusk, (hunt/hunting) mosquitoes and moths.

Why only four hours at dusk?

Because that’s (why/when) food is plentiful.

But also because, as Jerome Siegel, a neuroscientist at UCLA, says, “increased (woken/waking) time would seem to be (high/highly) maladaptive for this animal, since it would expend energy and (expose/be exposed) to predatory birds with better vision and better flight abilities.”

Siegel argues that our obsession with sleep quality and duration (be/is), in a sense, backward.

“We spend a third of our life sleeping, (where/which) seems so maladaptive — ‘the biggest mistake nature (had/has) made,’ scientists often call it,” he told me.

“Another way of looking at it is that .”

2-6.  다음 글의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

Through recent decades academic archaeologists have been urged to conduct their research and excavations according to hypothesis-testing procedures.

최근 몇 십년 동안 내내 학계의 고고학자들은가설 검증 절차에 따라 연구와 발굴을 수행하라고 촉구받아 왔다.

It has been argued that we should construct our general theories, deduce testable propositions and prove or disprove them against the sampled data.

우리가 일반적인 이론을 구축하고 검증할 수 있는 명제를 추론하며, 그것을 표본 자료와 비교하여 증명하거나 반증을 들어야 한다고 주장되어 왔다.

In fact, the application of this ‘scientific method’ often ran into difficulties.

사실 이런 ‘과학적 방법’의 적용은 자주 어려움에 봉착했다.

The data have a tendency to lead to unexpected questions, problems and issues.

자료는 예상치 못한 질문, 문제 그리고 쟁점을 일으키는 경향이 있다.

(A) , archaeologists claiming to follow hypothesis-testing procedures found themselves having to create a fiction.

따라서 가설 검증 절차를 따를 것을 주장하는 고고학자들은 자신도 모르게 가공의 이야기를 써야 했다.

In practice, their work and theoretical conclusions partly developed from the data which they had discovered.

실제는 그들의 연구물과 이론적 결론은 부분적으로 자신들이 발견했던 자료에서 비롯되었다.

(B) , they already knew the data when they decided upon an interpretation.

다시 말해서 그들이 어떤 해석으로 결정할 때 이미 그 자료를 알고 있었다.

But in presenting their work they rewrote the script, placing the theory first and claiming to have tested it against data which they discovered, as in an experiment under laboratory conditions.

그러나 연구물을 발표할 때 그들은 실험실 조건하의 실험에서처럼 이론을 먼저 두고 그것을 자신들이 발견한 자료와 비교하여 검증했다고 주장하면서 대본을 다시 작성했다.

* excavation 발굴, 굴착 ** deduce 추론하다, 연역하다 

(1) Thus ...... Instead

(2) Thus ...... In other words

(3) Besides ...... For instance

(4) However ...... In other words

 (5) However ...... For instance

어법문제

Through recent decades academic archaeologists have been (urging/urged) to conduct their research and excavations according to hypothesis-testing procedures.

It has (argued/been argued) that we should construct our general theories, (deducing/deduce) testable propositions and prove or (disproving/disprove) them against the sampled data.

In fact, the application of this ‘scientific method’ often ran into difficulties.

The data have a tendency to (leading/lead) to unexpected questions, problems and issues.

(A) , archaeologists (claimed/claiming) to follow hypothesis-testing procedures found themselves (had/having) to create a fiction.

In practice, their work and theoretical conclusions partly (had developed/developed) from the data which they had discovered.

(B) , they already knew the data when they (were decided/decided) upon an interpretation.

But in (present/presenting) their work they rewrote the script, placing the theory first and (claimed/claiming) to have tested it against data (what/which) they discovered, as in an experiment under laboratory conditions.

() 괄호 안에 숫자는 틀린 갯수입니다.

답은 직접 본문을 보시면서 확인해보세요^^ 

아래 링크에 본문이 있습니다.

https://englishmaterial.tistory.com/22

문제 

  
1. Towering over the East River, the Brooklyn Bridge is one of New York City’s famous landmark. (1)

2. Nowadays, many people take them for granted, but back in the 1800s it was something people only dreaming of. (2)

3. The bridge’s construction was cost more than $320 million in today’s money and the lives of over two dozen people.(1) 

4. In particular, the family in charge of the project paid a high price to be created the impressive bridge we all know and  love today. (1)

5. This is the story of how the Roeblings building the Brooklyn Bridge.(1)

6.In the 1860s, the populations of Manhattan and Brooklyn was rapidly increased, and so did the number of the commuters  between them. (3)

7.Thousands of people taken boats and ferries across the East River every day, but these forms of transport were unstably and frequently stopped by bad weather. (2)

8.Many New Yorkers wanted to have a bridge direct connecting Manhattan and Brooklyn because it will make  their commute quicker and safer. (2)

9. Unfortunately, because the East River’s great width and rough tides, it would be difficult to build anything on it. (빠진단어1) 

10. It was also a very busy river at that time, with hundreds of ships constantly sailed on it.(1)

11. Any bridge over the river would need to a very high suspension bridge. (빠진단어1)

12. Considered the limited technology in those days, build such a bridge seemed impossible.(2)

13.That is, people thought it was impossible until John Roebling, an expert at building suspension bridges, accepting the  challenge. (1)

14. John proposed the use of steel cables-–instead of iron ones––it would be six times stronger than needed to  support the bridge. (1)

15. In addition, he planned to building two large stone towers to hold up the bridge’s road and allowed people to walk across it. (2)

16. If his ideas worked, the final result would have been the longest, strongest suspension bridge ever built.(1) 

17. It looked his ambitious plan was destined to fail shortly after it had launched.(빠진단어2)

18. Luckily, John’s role as chief engineer was success by his son, Washington Roebling.(1) 

19. Because he built bridges with his father and studied bridge construction in Europe, he believed in John’s dream. (빠진단어1)

20.At that time, the foundations for the bridge’s two towers were built in the East River, which did extremely difficult  and dangerous work. (빠진단어 1 /틀린단어1) 

21. Many died or were permanent injured by a serious disease called “*the bends,” includes Washington Roebling. (2)

22.In 1872, he developed this disease and was unable to move easily or visited the construction sites throughout  the rest of the project. (1)

23. Other people would quit at that point, but not Washington. (빠진단어1)

24. However, there were still many things he could not do though all his efforts. (1)

25. Once again, the project seemed likely to abandon.(1)

26. She believed in what her family had started, and she determined to see it through.(빠진단어1) 

27.As her husband’s health failed, though, Emily began passing his instructions to the assistant engineers and brought back  their construction reports. (1)

28. With his assistance, she also studied higher mathematics and engineering so hard it she became an expert in them  without ever going to college! (1)

29.By the time the bridge was finished in 1883, Emily was carrying out many of the chief engineer’s duties, what was  unprecedented for a woman in those days. (1)

30. Many people praised her contributions for the project, and she became the first person to cross the bridge. (1)

31. It was the moment she, Washington, John, and everyone else who built the bridge worked so hard for.  (빠진단어1)

32. To this day, the Brooklyn Bridge stands as evidence of the Roebling family’s persistence. 

33. These amazing people made incredibly sacrifices and overcoming all obstacles to complete a project that seemed  impossible to others. (2)

34.Not only were they prove their doubters wrong, but they also achieved an accomplishment that inspired us doing the  impossible. (2)

Against All Odds

 
Towering over the East River, the Brooklyn Bridge is one of New York City’s famous landmarks. 

이스트 강 위로 높이 솟아 있는 브루클린 다리는 뉴욕시의 유명한 명소들 중 하나입니다.

Nowadays, many people take it for granted, but back in the 1800s it was something people only dreamt of. 

요즈음, 많은 사람들이 브루클린 다리를 당연하게 여기지만, 1800년대에 그것은 사람들이 그저 꿈꾸기만 했던 것이었습니다. 

The bridge’s construction cost more than $320 million in today’s money and the lives of over two dozen people. 

그 다리의 건설은 현재 가치로 3억 2천만 달러 이상의 비용이 들었으며, 24명이 넘는 사람들의 목숨을 앗아갔습니다.

In particular, the family in charge of the project paid a high price to create the impressive bridge we all know and love today. 

특히, 건설의 책임을 맡았던 가족은 오늘날 우리 모두가 알고 있고 사랑하는 그 멋진 다리를 만들어내기 위해 큰 대가를 치렀습니다.

This is the story of how the Roeblings built the Brooklyn Bridge.

이것은 Roebling 가문이 어떻게 브루클린 다리를 건설했는지에 관한 이야기입니다.

In the 1860s, the populations of Manhattan and Brooklyn were rapidly increasing, and so was the number of the commuters between them. 

1860년대에, 맨해튼과 브루클린의 인구는 급격히 증가하고 있었고, 두 도시 사이를 통근하는 사람들의 수 역시 증가하고 있었습니다.

Thousands of people took boats and ferries across the East River every day, but these forms of transport were unstable and frequently stopped by bad weather. 

수천 명의 사람들이 매일 이스트 강을 건너는 보트와 연락선을 탔지만, 이러한 형태의 수송 수단은 불안정했고, 악천후로 인해 자주 운행이 중단되었습니다.

Many New Yorkers wanted to have a bridge directly connecting Manhattan and Brooklyn because it would make their commute quicker and safer. 

많은 뉴욕 시민들은 맨해튼과 브루클린을 바로 잇는 다리를 원했는데, 그것이 그들의 통근을 더 빠르고 더 안전하게 만들어줄 것이기 때문이었습니다.

Unfortunately, because of the East River’s great width and rough tides, it would be difficult to build anything on it. 

불행히도, 이스트 강의 넓은 강폭과 사나운 물살 때문에 그 강 위에 무언가를 짓는다는 것은 어려울 것이었습니다.

It was also a very busy river at that time, with hundreds of ships constantly sailing on it.

또한 그 당시의 이스트 강은 수백 척의 배들이 끊임없이 항해하는 매우 번잡한 강이었습니다.

Any bridge over the river would need to be a very high suspension bridge. 

그 강 위에 지을 다리라면 매우 높은 현수교여야만 했습니다.

Considering the limited technology in those days, building such a bridge seemed impossible. 

그 당시의 제한된 기술을 고려하면, 그런 다리를 건설하는 것은 불가능해 보였습니다. 

That is, people thought it was impossible until John Roebling, an expert at building suspension bridges, accepted the challenge. 

다시 말해, 현수교 건설의 전문가인 John Roebling이 그 도전을 받아들일 때까지는 사람들은 그것이 불가능하다고 생각했습니다.

John proposed the use of steel cables––instead of iron ones––that would be six times stronger than needed to support the bridge. 

John은 철제 케이블 대신, 다리를 지지하기 위해 필요했던 것보다 6배나 더 강한 강철 케이블의 사용을 제안했습니다.

In addition, he planned to build two large stone towers to hold up the bridge’s road and allow people to walk across it. 

게다가, 그는 다리의 도로를 떠받치고 그 위로 사람들이 걸어서 건널 수 있게 하기 위해 두 개의 거대한 석탑을 건설하려고 계획했습니다. 

If his ideas worked, the final result would be the longest, strongest suspension bridge ever built. 

만약 그의 아이디어가 이루어진다면, 최종 결과물은 그때까지 지어진 것 중 가장 길고 가장 튼튼한 현수교가 될 것이었습니다.

John’s ambition inspired people, so construction began in 1869. 

John의 포부는 사람들을 고무시켰고, 그리하여 1869년에 다리 건설이 시작되었습니다.

However, he was involved in a ferry accident later that year and died of an infection not long after. 

그러나, 그는 그해 말 한 연락선 사고에 휘말렸고 오래지 않아 감염으로 사망했습니다.

It looked like his ambitious plan was destined to fail shortly after it had been launched.

그의 야심 찬 계획은 시작하자마자 실패할 운명인 것처럼 보였습니다.

Luckily, John’s role as chief engineer was succeeded by his son, Washington Roebling. 

다행히도, 수석 엔지니어로서의 John의 역할은 그의 아들인 Washington Roebling이 이어갔습니다.

Because he had built bridges with his father and studied bridge construction in Europe, he believed in John’s dream. 

그는 아버지와 함께 다리들을 건설했었고 유럽에서 교량 건설을 공부했었기 때문에, 그는 John의 꿈을 믿었습니다.

At that time, the foundations for the bridge’s two towers were being built in the East River, which was extremely difficult and dangerous work. 

그 당시에, 다리의 두 개의 탑을 위한 기반이 이스트 강에서 지어지고 있었는데, 이는 굉장히 어렵고 위험한 작업이었습니다.

Workers had to stay at the bottom of the river in a waterproof box with little light and constant danger. 

노동자들은 방수 처리된 함 안에서 불빛도 거의 없이 끊임없는 위험을 안은 채 강바닥에 머물러야 했습니다.

Many died or were permanently injured by a serious disease called “*the bends,” including Washington Roebling. 

Washington Roebling을 포함한 많은 사람들이 죽거나, “잠함병”이라 불린 심각한 병에 의해 영구적인 부상을 당했습니다.

In 1872, he developed this disease and was unable to move easily or visit the construction sites throughout the rest of the project. 

1872년, 그는 잠함병에 걸렸고 남은 건설 기간 내내 쉽게 거동하거나 공사 현장을 방문할 수 없었습니다.

Other people would have quit at that point, but not Washington. 

다른 사람들이라면 그 시점에서 포기했겠지만, Washington은 아니었습니다.

He continued to supervise the bridge building for years by watching it through a telescope from his bedroom. 

그는 침실에서 망원경으로 다리 건설을 지켜보며 수년간 계속해서 감독했습니다.

However, there were still many things he could not do despite all his efforts. 

하지만, 그의 모든 노력에도 불구하고 그가 할 수 없는 일들이 여전히 많았습니다.

Once again, the project seemed likely to be abandoned.

또다시, 다리 건설은 포기될 것처럼 보였습니다.

To everyone’s amazement, yet another Roebling stepped in to save the bridge. 

놀랍게도, 거기에 또 한 명의 Roebling이 다리를 구해내기 위해 돕고 나섰습니다.

This time, it was Washington’s wife, Emily Warren Roebling. 

이번엔 Washington의 아내, Emily Warren Roebling이었습니다.

She believed in what her family had started, and she was determined to see it through. 

그녀는 그녀의 가족이 시작했던 일을 믿었고, 그것을 끝까지 해내겠다고 결심했습니다.

Before marriage, she knew almost nothing about engineering. 

결혼 전에 그녀는 공학 기술에 대해 거의 아무것도 알지 못했습니다.

As her husband’s health failed, though, Emily began passing his instructions to the assistant engineers and bringing back their construction reports. 

하지만, 남편의 건강이 악화되자, Emily는 남편의 지시를 보조엔지니어들에게 전달하고 그들의 건축 보고를 가지고 돌아오기 시작했습니다.

In the process, she naturally picked up a lot of information about bridge building. 

그 과정에서 그녀는 자연스레 교량 건설에 대한 많은 지식을 습득했습니다.

With his assistance, she also studied higher mathematics and engineering so hard that she became an expert in them without ever going to college! 

Emily는 또한 남편의 도움으로 고등 수학과 공학 기술을 매우 열심히 공부해서 대학에 가지 않고도 그 분야의 전문가가 되었습니다. 

By the time the bridge was finished in 1883, Emily was carrying out many of the chief engineer’s duties, which was unprecedented for a woman in those days. 

1883년 다리가 완공될 무렵에는, Emily는 수석 엔지니어의 업무 중 다수를 수행하고 있었으며, 이런 일은 그 당시 여성에게 전례가 없는 것이었습니다.

Many people praised her contributions to the project, and she became the first person to cross the bridge. 

많은 사람들이 다리 건설에 대한 그녀의 공헌에 찬사를 보냈고, 그녀는 그 다리를 건너는 첫 번째 사람이 되었습니다.

It was the moment she, Washington, John, and everyone else who built the bridge had worked so hard for.  

그건 그녀와 Washington, John, 그리고 그밖에 다리를 건설한 모든 사람이 그렇게 열심히 일하며 목표했던 순간이었습니다.

To this day, the Brooklyn Bridge stands as evidence of the Roebling family’s persistence. 

지금까지도, 브루클린 다리는 Roebling 가문의 끈기의 증거로 서 있습니다. 

These amazing people made incredible sacrifices and overcame all obstacles to complete a project that seemed impossible to others. 

이 놀라운 사람들은 엄청난 희생을 치르고 모든 장애를 극복하여 다른 사람들에게는 불가능하게 보였던 계획을 완수하였습니다. 

Not only did they prove their doubters wrong, but they also achieved an accomplishment that inspired us to do the impossible.

그들은 다리 건설을 의심하던 사람들이 틀렸다는 것을 증명했을 뿐만 아니라, 또한 우리에게 불가능한 일을 하도록 고무하는 업적을 이뤘습니다.

1-7.  다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은? 

 Although certainly not limited to America, the tall tale found fertile soil in what is now the United States, perhaps most notably in reference to the Western Frontier, which lent itself to hyperbole. 

분명히 미국에 국한되는 것은 아니지만, ‘tall tale(터무니없이 과장 된 모험을 그린 이야기)’은 현재의 미국이 된 곳에서, 아마도 가장 뚜렷하게는 서부 개척지와 관련하여, 번성할 수 있는 환경을 찾았는데, 그곳은 과장된 서술에 적합한 곳이었다. 

As a result of the seemingly limitless horizon, the vast forests, the powerful rivers, and the other incredible natural features of the landscape of a largely unsettled America, a narrative genre that took exaggeration as its fundamental principle was utterly reborn in American storytelling. 

 무한해 보이는 지평선, 광대 한 숲, 힘차게 흐르는 강, 그리고 대체로 사람이 살지 않는 미국의 지형의 다른 놀라운 자연적 특징들의 결과로, 과장을 기본적인 원칙으로 취한 서사 장르가 미국의 스토리텔링 속에서 완전히 다시 태어났다. 

The tall tale is, first and foremost, an engaging and entertaining story about characters of utterly outsized proportions, a story of the “biggest,” the “baddest,” and the “best.” 

 ‘tall tale’은 다른 무엇보다도, 덩치가 아주 큰 등장인물들에 대 한 매력적이고 재미있는 이야기, 즉 ‘가장 큰 사람들’, ‘가장 멋진 사람들’ 그리고 ‘가장 좋은 사람들’의 이야기이다.

Classically told with a straight face and a “just-the-facts” manner, the wildly exaggerated content of the tall tale is often  related with ostentatious language in sharp contrast to its dry delivery. 

 무표정한 얼굴과 ‘사 실만을 말하는’ 태도로 관행적으로 이야기되는 ‘tall tale’의 몹시 과장된 내용은, 그것의 무미건조한 전달과 뚜렷한 대조를 이루는 화려 한 언어와 흔히 결부된다.

Considering the American cultural emphasis on             , it perhaps should come as no surprise that the genre of the tall tale has long struck a resonant chord in the American mind. 

 거대함에 대한 미국의 문화적 강조를 고려할 때, ‘tall tale’이라는 장르가 미국인들의 마음속에 오랫동안 공명을 일으켜 왔다는 것은 놀라운 일이 아닐 것이다. 

*hyperbole 과장된 서술 **ostentatious 화려한 ***resonant 공명을 불러일으키는 
① plainness 
② greatness 
③ casualness 
④ humbleness 
⑤ practicalness 

어법고르기문제

  Although certainly not (limiting/ limited) to America, the tall tale (finding/found) fertile soil in what is now  the United States, perhaps most notably in reference to the Western Frontier, (where/which) lent itself to hyperbole. 

As a result of the seemingly limitless horizon, the vast forests, the powerful rivers, and the other incredible natural features of the landscape of a (large/largely) unsettled America, a narrative genre that took exaggeration as (its/it's) fundamental principle  was utterly reborn in American storytelling. 

The tall tale is, first and foremost, an engaging and entertaining story about characters of utterly outsized proportions, a story of the “biggest,” the “baddest,” and the “best.” 

Classically told with a straight face and a “just-the-facts” manner, the wildly (exaggerated /exaggerate) content of the tall tale  is often related with ostentatious language in sharp contrast to its dry delivery. 

Considering the American cultural emphasis on             , it perhaps should come as no surprise that the genre of the tall tale has long (strike/struck) a resonant chord in the American mind.

1-8.  다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은? 

Afterimages can produce simultaneous contrast effects. 

잔상은 동시대비 효과를 낳을 수 있다.

If these are illusory colors, they nonetheless do much of the work of real colors, so much so that one can set up situations in which afterimage colors will be taken to be the colors of particular physical objects or of the light that illuminates them. 

비록 이것들이 환상에 불과 한 색이라 할지라도, 그럼에도 불구하고, 그것들은 실제 색들이 하는 많은 일을 하는데, 매우 많은 일을 하므로 잔상의 색이 특정한 물리 적 물체의 색이나 그것들을 비추는 빛의 색으로 여겨질 상황을 만들 수 있다. 

For example, one can walk into a room to see a rapidly rotating disk illuminated by a bright light. 

예를 들어, 어느 방으로 걸어 들어가서 밝은 불빛을 받는 빠르게 회전하는 디스크를 보는 경우가 있다. 

The surface of the disk is seen to be a homogeneous bluish green. 

그 디스크의 표면은 균일한 청록색으로 보인다. 

But when the disk is stopped, it is seen to be half white and half black, with a radial segment cut out at the boundary. 

하지만 디스크가 정지되면, 그것이 반은 흰 색이고 반은 검은색으로 보이는데, 두 색의 경계에 부채꼴로 잘라낸 부분이 있다. 

If the disk is stopped at a particular angle of rotation, a red light may be seen through the cutout. 

디스크가 특정 회전 각도에서 정지되면 잘라낸 부분을 통해 빨간색 불빛을 볼 수 있을 것이다. 

The color the rotating disk was seen to have was entirely afterimage color, produced by            that occurred at every rotation; when the disk is rapidly turning the red light is never seen as red. 

회전하는 디스크가 지니고 있는 것처럼 보인 색은 전적으로, 회전할 때마다 발생한 빨간색 불빛의 짧은 섬광에 의해 만들어진 잔상의 색이었다. 디스크가 빠르게 회전할 때 그 빨간색 불빛은 결코 빨간색으로 보이지 않는다. 

*afterimage 잔상 **homogeneous 균일한 ***radial segment 부채꼴(반지름 두 개와 호로 둘러싸인 부분) 

① the brief flash of red light 
② some adaptation to changing speed 
③ irregular alternations of black and white 
④ minute scratches on the surface of the disk 
⑤ subtle effects of a flashbulb in a dark room 

어법고르기문제

Afterimages can produce simultaneous contrast effects. 

If these are illusory colors, they nonetheless (do/are) much of the work of real colors, so much so that one can set up  situations (in which/of which) afterimage colors will be taken to be the colors of particular physical objects or of the light that (illuminates / illuminating) them.  

For example, one can walk into a room to see a rapidly (rotating/rotated) disk illuminated by a bright light. 

The surface of the disk (is seen/ sees) to be a homogeneous bluish green. 

But when the disk (is stopped/stopped), it is seen to be half white and half black, with a radial segment (cutting/cut) out  at the  boundary.   

If the disk (stopped/is stopped) at a particular angle of rotation, a red light may be seen through the cutout. 

The color the rotating disk was seen to have (was/been) entirely afterimage color, produced by            that occurred at every rotation; when the disk is rapidly (turned/turning) the red light is never seen as red.  

1-9.  다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

Hindsight bias has a particular way in which it manifests. 

사후 확신 편향은 그것이 나타나는 특별한 방식을 가지고 있다. 

Some people refer to hindsight bias as the “I-knew-it-all-along phenomenon."

어떤 사람들은 사후 확신 편향을 ‘나는 처음부터 쭉 알고 있었어 현상’ 이라고 부른다.

When you hear someone say, “I knew it all along” or “I knew that they would,” they are demonstrating hindsight bias. 

누군가가 “나는 처음부터 쭉 알고 있었다.” 또는 “나는 그들이 그럴 줄 알고 있었다.”라고 말하는 것을 들을 때, 그는 사 후 확신 편향을 보여주고 있는 것이다.

When this happens we are selectively recalling an experience that supports the facts we have just learned, and, in actuality, we didn’t know; we were simply emboldened by the recently revealed facts to believe that we did. 

이것이 일어날 때 우리는 우 리가 방금 알게 된, 그리고 실제로는 알지 못했던 사실을 뒷받침하는 경험을 선택적으로 떠올리고 있다. 우리는 최근에 드러난 사실에 의해 대담해져서 우리가 알고 있었다고 믿게 되었을 뿐이다. 

For instance, when a new hire is doing a good job it is common for us to tell our coworkers that we knew that person was going to do well, when, in fact, we did not know; we were just hoping. 

예를 들어, 신입 사원이 일을 잘 해내고 있을 때, 우리가 그 사람이 잘하리 라는 것을 알고 있었다고 동료들에게 말하는 것은 흔한 일인데, 사 실 그때 우리는 알지 못했고 그저 바랄 뿐이었다. 

Likewise, if that same person starts performing poorly we are likely, without any critical reflection of our previous comments, to say, “I knew they weren’t going to work out.” 

 마찬가지로 같은 사람이 실적이 나빠지기 시작하면, 우리는 우리가 이전에 언급했던 것에 대한 어떠한 비판적인 숙고도 없이 “나는 그가 해내지 못할 줄 알았어.”라고 말하기 쉽다. 

Hindsight bias allows us to think that we are better at           than we really are. 

사후 확신 편향에 의해 우리는 우리가 실제 그러한 것보다 예측하는 것에 더 능숙하다고 생각한다.  

*embolden 대담하게 만들다 

① hiding 
② nurturing 
③ predicting 
④ competing 
⑤ persuading 

어법고르기문제

 Hindsight bias has a particular way (in which/on which) it manifests. 

Some people (refer to/refer at) hindsight bias as the “I-knew-it-all-along phenomenon.” 

When you hear someone say, “I knew it all along” or “I knew that they would,” they are demonstrating hindsight bias. 

When this (happens / is happened) we are selectively (recalled/recalling) an experience that supports the facts  we have just learned, and, in actuality, we didn’t know; we were simply (emboldened by/emboldening) the recently revealed facts to believe that we did. 

For instance, when a new hire is doing a good job it is common for us (to tell/telling) our coworkers that we knew that  person was going to do well, when, in fact, we did not know; we were just hoping. 

Likewise, if that same person starts performing poorly we are (likely/like), without any critical reflection of our previous  comments, to say, “I knew they weren’t going to work out.” 

Hindsight bias allows us (think/to think) that we are better at           than we really (are/do). 

1-10.   다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은? 

 
 The green movement is sometimes criticized for               . 

때때로 환경 운동은 친환경적이 되는 데 드는 비용을 경시한다고 비난을 받는다.

Just as food movements have sometimes acted unaware of the difficulty of a working-class family negotiating not only its food budget but also the effect on that budget of the time constraints of working parents, so too did the early environmentalism movement sometimes pay too little attention to the financial effect of environmentally responsible behavior. 

음식과 관련된 운동들이 때때로 노동자 계층 가정이 그들의 식비 예산뿐 아니라 일하는 부모들의 시간 제약이 그 예산에 미치는 영향을 다루는 어려움을 모른 채 행해져 왔듯이, 초기 환경 보호 운동도 때때로 환경적으로 책임 있는 행동을 하는 것의 재정적 영향에 너무 적은 관심을 보였다. 재활용은 전시의 배급제도가 그것을 하도록 사람들을 훈련해 주었었고, 그 이득이 분명하고 단기적이었기 때문에 쉽게 성공했다.

Recycling was an easy win because wartime rationing had conditioned people for it, and the gains were obvious and short-term. 

재활용은 전시의 배급제도가 그것을 하도록 사람들을 훈련해 주었었고, 그 이득이 분명하고 단기적이었기 때문에 쉽게 성공했다.

Switching to energy-saving lightbulbs is fairly easy to convince people to do, because of their longevity and the obvious long-term savings. 

에너지 절약형 전구로 바꾸는 것은 사람들에게 하도록 설득하기가 꽤 쉬운데 왜냐하면 그것들의 수명이 길고 분명 장기적으로 돈이 절약되기 때문이다. 

Reducing water usage is more difficult, particularly given how low water bills tend to be relative to other utilities — a change in behavior may amount to only a few dollars a month, and those few dollars may seem like a more-than-reasonable price for longer showers and a well-watered lawn.

물 사용량을 줄이는 것은 특히 다른 공공 서비스에 비해 수도요금이 얼마나 낮은 경향이 있는지를 고려하면, 더 어렵다. 즉 행동의 변화는 한 달에 단지 몇 달러에 불과할 수도 있고, 그 몇 달러는 더 오랜 샤워와 물을 잘 준 잔디에 대한 아주 적정한(싼) 가격처럼 보일 수 있다. 

Even water conservation is only asking for a behavioral change, however, and perhaps the expense of a low-pressure showerhead. Asking people to spend money on going green has historically been difficult. 

그런데 심지어 물 보존은 행동의 변화와 아마도 저압 샤워 꼭지 비용을 요구하고 있을 뿐이다. 사람들에게 친환경적이 되는 데 돈을 쓰라고 요구하는 것은 역사적으로 힘들었다. 

*rationing 배급제도 

① downplaying the cost of going green 
② making an easy choice among many options 
③ blurring the scope of environmental protection 
④ calculating the dollar values of what people give up 
⑤ distributing profits to those who have never participated 

어법고르기문제

The green movement is sometimes (criticized/criticizing) for               . 

Just as food movements have sometimes (acting/acted) unaware of the difficulty of a working-class family negotiating not only its food budget but also the effect on that budget of the time constraints of working parents,  so too (was/did) the early environmentalism movement sometimes pay too (a little/little) attention to the financial effect of  (environmentally/environmental) responsible behavior. 

Recycling was an (easy/easily) win because wartime rationing (had conditioned / conditioned) people for it, and the gains were  obvious and short-term. 

(Switching/Switched) to energy-saving lightbulbs is fairly easy to convince people (to do/doing), (because of/because) their longevity  and the obvious long-term savings. 

Reducing water usage is more difficult, particularly (given/giving) how low water bills tend to be relative to other utilities —  a change in behavior may amount to only a few dollars a month, and those few dollars may seem (like/that) a more-than-reasonable price for longer showers and a well-watered lawn.

Even water conservation is only (asking/asked) for a behavioral change, however, and perhaps the expense of a low-pressure showerhead. Asking people to spend money on going green has historically been difficult. 

1-11.  다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은? 

It’s amazing how much you can learn about your friends and family, your job, the organization you work in, and yourself when you decide to really listen to others. 

 다른 사람들의 말을 진정으로 경청하기로 할 때 여러분이 여러분의 친구와 가족, 직업, 여러분이 일하는 조직, 그리고 여러분 자신에 대 해 얼마나 많이 배울 수 있는지는 놀랍다. 

But not everyone understands this benefit. 

그러나 모든 사람이 이 이 득을 이해하는 것은 아니다. 

For example, we heard a story about a tennis pro who was giving a lesson to a new student. 

예를 들어, 우리는 새로 온 학생에게 교습을 하고 있던 테니스 프로에 대한 이야기를 들었다. 

After watching the novice take several swings at the tennis ball, the pro stopped him and suggested ways he could improve his stroke. 

그 초보자가 테니스공을 여러 번 스윙하는 것을 지켜본 후, 프로는 그를 멈추고 그의 타법을 개선할 수 있는 방법을 제안했다. 

But each time he did, the student interrupted him and gave his opinion of the problem and how it should be solved. 

그러나 매번 그가 그렇게 할 때마다, 그 학생은 그의 말을 가로막았고, 문제와 그것이 어떻게 해결되어야 하는지에 대한 자신의 의견을 말했다. 

After several interruptions, the pro began to nod his head in agreement. 

 몇 번 중단 을 당한 후, 프로는 동의하며 고개를 끄덕이기 시작했다. 

When the lesson ended, a woman who had been watching said to the pro, “Why did you go along with that arrogant man’s stupid suggestions?” 

교습이 끝났을 때 지켜보고 있었던 한 여자가 프로에게 “왜 그 오만한 남자의 어리석은 제안에 동조했습니까?”라고 말했다. 

The pro smiled and replied, “I learned a long time ago that it is a waste of time to try to sell real answers to anyone who just wants to buy echoes.” 

프로는 미소를 지으면서 “나는 누구든 단지 공감을 사고 싶은 사람에게 진짜 답을 납득 시키려 애쓰는 것은 시간 낭비라는 것을 오래전에 배웠습니다.”라고 대답했다. 

Beware of putting yourself into a position where          . 

여러분이 모든 답을 알고 있다고 생각하는 입장을 취하는 것을 경계하라. 

Anytime you do, you’ll be putting yourself in danger. 

여러분이 모든 답을 알고 있다고 생각하는 입장을 취하는 것을 경계하라. 

It’s almost impossible to think of yourself as “the expert” and continue growing and learning at the same time. 

 여러분이 그럴 때마다, 여러분은 자신을 위험에 빠뜨릴 것이다. 자신을 ‘전문가’라고 생각하면서 동시에 계속해서 성장하고 배우는 것은 거의 불가능하다. 

① everyone sees you as a mentor 
② you think you know all the answers 
③ listening to others benefits only them 
④ you should live up to your profession 
⑤ it’s difficult to profit from the transaction 

어법고르기문제

It’s amazing how (much/many) you can learn about your friends and family, your job, the organization you work in, and  yourself (when/what) you decide to really listen to others. 

But not everyone understands this benefit. 

For example, we heard a story about a tennis pro who was (given/giving) a lesson (for/to) a new student. 

After (watching/watched) the novice take several swings at the tennis ball, the pro stopped him and suggested ways  he could improve his stroke. 

But each time he did, the student interrupted him and gave his opinion (of/to) the problem and how it should (be solved/solve). 

After several interruptions, the pro began to nod his head in agreement. 

When the lesson ended, a woman who had been 
(watching/watched) said to the pro, “Why did you go along with that arrogant man’s stupid suggestions?” 

The pro smiled and replied, “I learned a long time ago that it is a waste of time to try to sell real answers to anyone who just wants to buy echoes.” 

Beware of putting yourself into a position (where/which)          . 

Anytime you do, you’ll be (put/putting) yourself in danger. It’s almost impossible to think of yourself as “the expert” and  continue (growing/to grow) and (learning/learn) at the same time.  

1-12. 다음 글의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은? 

The quality of a decision cannot be determined unambiguously by its outcome. 

결정의 질은 명확하게 그 결정의 결과에 의해 결정될 수 없다.

For example, most of us believe it would be foolish to accept a bet that the next time we throw a pair of dice we will roll “snake eyes.” 

예를 들어, 우리 대부분은 다음번에 주사위 두 개를 던질 때 ‘1의 눈이 두 개 나오게’ 굴린다는 내기를 받아들이는 것은 어리석은 일일 거라 고 믿는다. 

(The actual chance of throwing two ones, “snake eyes,” is 1/36). 

(1이 2개, 즉 ‘1의 눈이 2개 나오도록’ 던질 실제 확률은 1/36이다.) 

Moreover, we would regard the person who accepted such a bet as a poor decision maker — even if he or she happened to roll snake eyes.  

 비록 그 사람이 우연히 1의 눈이 2 개 나오도록 굴리더라도 말이다. 

(A)  , if that person were in danger of physical harm or death at the hands of a loan shark, and that bet were the only way to raise enough money to avoid harm, then the person might not seem so foolish. 

반면에, 만약 그 사람이 악덕 사채업자의 손에 의해 신체적 피해나 죽음의 위험에 처해 있고, 그 내기 가 피해를 피하기에 충분한 돈을 모을 수 있는 유일한 방법이라면, 그 사람은 그렇게 어리석어 보이지 않을 것이다. 

What this example illustrates is that it is the potential outcomes, their probabilities, and their values to the decision maker at the time the decision is made that lead us to judge a particular choice to be wise or foolish. 

이 예가 분명히 보여주는 바는 우리에게 특정한 선택을 현명하거나 어리석다고 판단하게 하는 것은 바로 ‘그 결정이 내려지는 시점에서’ 잠재적 결과들, 그것들의 확률 및 의사 결정자에 대하여 그것들이 가지는 가치라는 것이다. 

A general who is losing a war,  (B)  , is much wiser to engage in a high-risk  military  venture  than is a general  who is winning  a war. 

예를 들어, 전쟁에서 지고 있는 장군은 전쟁에서 이기고 있는 장군보다 위험성이 높은 군사상의 모험을 하면 훨씬 더 현명하다. 

The failure of such a venture might not reflect unfavorably on the decision-making ability of the losing  general; it is more “rational” for the losing general to take a risk. 

그러한 모험의 실패는 지고 있는 장군의 결정 능력에 나쁘게 영향을 주지 않을 것인데 지고 있는 장군이 모험을 하는 것이 더 ‘합리적’이기 때문이다. 

*snake eyes 두 개의 주사위를 던졌을 때 두 개 모두 1이 나오는 것 **loan shark 악덕 사채업자 

       (A)                    (B) 
① Therefore         …… however 
② Therefore         …… in addition 
③ Otherwise         …… for example 
④ On the other hand …… for example 
⑤ On the other hand …… in addition 

어법고르기문제

The quality of a decision cannot be determined unambiguously by (its/their) outcome. 

For example, most of us believe it (would be/is) foolish to accept a bet that the next time we throw a pair of dice  we will roll “snake eyes.” 

(The actual chance of (throwing/thrown) two ones, “snake eyes,” is 1/36). 

Moreover, we would regard the person who accepted such a bet as a poor decision maker — even if he or she happened (to roll/rolling) snake eyes.  

(A)  , if that person were in danger of physical harm or death at the hands of a loan shark, and that bet (were/was) the only way to raise enough money to avoid harm, then the person might not seem so foolish. 

What this example illustrates is that it is the potential outcomes, their probabilities, and their values to the decision maker at the time the decision is made that (lead/leading) us to judge a particular choice (is/to be) wise or foolish. 

A general who is losing a war,  (B)  , is much wiser (to engage/engaging) in a high-risk  military  venture  than is a general  who is winning  a war. 

The failure of such a venture might not reflect unfavorably/unfavorable) on the decision-making ability of the losing general;

it is more “rational” for the losing general to take a risk. 

1-1 .  다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은? 

When temperatures near 0℃, water molecules start bonding with one another to form a crystal structure. 

온도가 0℃에 가까워질 때에, 물 분자들은 서로 결합하기 시작하여 결정 구조를 형성한다. 

The hydrogen atoms of each molecule connect to the oxygen atoms of other molecules. 

각 분자의 수소 원자들이 다른 분자들의 산소 원자들과 연결된다. 

The resulting structure creates a greater amount of space between the molecules than there was when the molecules floated freely about in a liquid state. 

결과적으로 나타나는 구조에서는 액체 상태 에서 분자들이 자유롭게 떠다니던 때보다 분자들 사이에 더 많은 양의 공간이 생기게 된다. 

All that extra space between the molecules is why ice              is less dense than liquid water — and the reason ice . 

분자들 사이에 추가로 생기게 된 이 모든 공간이 얼음이 액체 상태인 물보다 밀도가 낮은 이유이며, 얼음이 뜨는 이유이다. 

This characteristic of water is good news for fish and other animals that live underwater wherever the temperatures drop to freezing. 

물의 이러한 속성은 어디든 기온이 영하로 떨어지는 곳에서 물속에 사는 물고기와 다른 동물들에게 좋은 소식이다. 

When the water in a lake, for instance, begins to freeze, the first tiny ice crystals that form remain on the surface. 

예를 들어, 호수의 물이 얼기 시작할 때, 가장 먼저 형성되는 아주 작은 얼 음 결정체가 수면 위에 남게 된다. 

Eventually, a layer of floating ice will form on the water’s surface, which seals in the liquid water below and keeps it from freezing. 

결국에는, 떠 있는 얼음 층이 물의 표면 위에 형성되어, 그것이 아래쪽에 있는 액체 상태의 물을 밀봉 하여 그것을 얼지 않게 해준다. 

If water became more dense when it froze — the way most substances do — then the ice crystals would keep sinking to the bottom. 

만일 물이 얼 때, 대부분의 물질들이 그렇듯이, 밀도가 더 높아진다면, 얼음 결정체들은 계속해서 바닥으로 가라앉을것이다. 

Eventually, the entire lake would be frozen solid from top to bottom — which would be bad news for the fish. 

결국에는 전체 호수가 위에서부터 밑에까지 꽁 꽁 얼어 버릴 것이며, 이것은 물고기에게 나쁜 소식이 될 것이다.  

① sinks 
② melts 
③ floats 
④ forms 
⑤ cracks 

어법 고르기 문제 

 When temperatures near 0℃, water molecules start bonding with one (other/others/another) to form a crystal structure. 

The hydrogen atoms of each (molecules/molecule) connect to the oxygen atoms of other molecules. 

The (resurlt/resulting) structure creates a greater amount of space between the molecules than there was when the molecules (floating/floated) freely about in a liquid state. 

All that extra space between the molecules (are/is) why ice              is less dense than liquid water — and the reason ice . 

This characteristic of water is good news for fish and (the other/other) animals that (living/live) underwater  wherever the temperatures (dropping/drop) to freezing. 

When the water in a lake, for instance, begins to freeze, the first tiny ice crystals that (formed/form) remain on the surface. 

Eventually, a layer of floating ice will form on the water’s surface, which (seal/seals) in the liquid water below and (keep/keeps) it from freezing. 

If water became more dense when it froze — the way most substances (do/are) — then the ice crystals would keep sinking to the bottom. 

Eventually, the entire lake would be frozen solid from top to bottom — which would be bad news for the fish. 

1-2.  다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은? 

I witnessed a surprising set of behaviors between a group of chimpanzees with whom I periodically interacted. 

나는 내가 정기적으로 상호작용을 하는 침팬지 집단 사이에서 놀라운 일련의 행동들을 목격했다. 

Sarah likes to look at books, so when I visit I occasionally bring her children’s books that can withstand chimpanzee handling for at least a few minutes. 

Sarah는 책을 보는 것을 좋아해서, 나는 방문할 때 가끔 그녀에게 침팬지의 손길을 최소한 몇 분 동 안 견딜 수 있는 어린이용 책을 가져다준다. 

I gave Sarah her book and before she could really start “reading” it, Harper, who at this point in time was older but still mischievous, came over and took it away. 

나는 Sarah에게 그녀 의 책을 주었는데, 그녀가 실제로 ‘읽기’ 시작하기도 전에, 그 당시 에 나이가 더 많았지만 여전히 장난꾸러기였던 Harper가 와서 그 것을 가져가 버렸다.

Sarah didn’t struggle with Harper when he took it. 

Sarah는 Harper가 그것을 가져갔을 때 그와 싸우지 않았다. 

Then moments later, Sheba, a very smart female chimpanzee, who didn’t appear to me to have noticed Harper’s behavior because she was happily eating her dried mangos, went over to Harper and took the book from him. 

그러고 나서 잠시 후에, 매우 영리한 암컷 침팬지 Sheba가, 말린 망고를 행복하게 먹고 있었기 때문에 내가 보기에는 Harper의 행동을 알아차리지 못한 것처럼 보였는데, Harper에 게 다가가 그 책을 그에게서 빼앗았다. 

This in itself wouldn’t be surprising as taking things that others have is typical among members of a group that aren’t clearly dominant. 

뚜렷하게 우세하지 않은 집단 구성원들 사이에서는 다른 구성원들이 갖고 있는 것을 빼앗는 일은 흔히 일어나므로 이 일 자체로서는 놀라운 일은 아닐 것이다. 

What was surprising was that rather than keeping it herself, she promptly gave it back to Sarah. 

놀라운 것은 Sheba가 그것을 자기가 갖지 않고 즉시 그것을 Sarah 에게 돌려주었다는 것이었다. 

There were no vocalizations that I was aware of that might indicate Sarah was distressed by Harper’s thievery, nor that Sheba was trying to appease any distress. 

Harper의 도둑질 때문에 Sarah가 고통을 받고 있다는 것을 알려줄 수 있는 어떤 소리도 내가 아는 바로는 전혀 없었고, 또한 Sheba가 어떠한 고통을 달래주려 하고 있다는 것을 알려줄 수 있는 어떤 소리도 (내가 아는 바로는) 없었다.

It just looked to me as though Sheba was        . 

그것은 내게 그저 Sheba가 일을 바로잡고 있는 것처럼 보였다. 아무도 그녀에게 무엇을 해야 할지 말하지 않았다. 

No one told her what to do — she just autonomously determined that the book belonged to Sarah. 

그녀는 단지 그 책 이 Sarah의 것이라고 스스로 결론을 내렸을 뿐이었다.

*vocalization 소리내기, 발성 **distress 고통을 주다; 고통 ***appease 달래다 

① setting things right 
② proving her dominance 
③ doing mischievous things 
④ comforting younger chimps 
⑤ showing curiosity about strange thing

어법고르기문제

I witnessed a surprising set of behaviors between a group of chimpanzees with (which/whom) I periodically interacted. 

Sarah likes to look at books, so when I visit I (occasional/occasionally) bring her children’s books that can withstand chimpanzee (handled/handling) for at least a few minutes. 

I gave Sarah (to her/her) her book and before she could really start “reading” it, Harper, who at this point in time was older  but still mischievous, came over and took (it/them) away. 

Sarah didn’t struggle (of/with) Harper when he took it. 

Then moments later, Sheba, a very smart female chimpanzee, who didn’t appear (me/to me) to  have  noticed  Harper’s  behavior because she was (happy/happily) eating her dried mangos, went over to Harper and took the book from him. 

This in (it/itself) wouldn’t be surprising as taking things that others have to be/is) typical among members of a group that (isn't/aren’t) clearly dominant. 

What was surprising was that rather than keeping it (herself/her), she promptly gave it back (to Sarah/Sarah). 

There were no vocalizations that I was aware of that might indicate Sarah (being/was) distressed by Harper’s thievery, nor that Sheba was trying (appeasing/to appease) any distress. 

It just looked to me as though Sheba was        . 

No one told her what to do — she just autonomously determined that the book belonged (Sarah/to Sarah). 

1-3.  다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?   

One dimension of the mind’s innate search for meaning has to do with the compelling power of                  . 

정신이 본질적으로 의미를 찾는 한 가지 모습은 목적의 강력한 힘과 관련이 있다. 

For example, a girl of about nine years old recently described what she understood to be the causes and best treatment for lung cancer. 

예를 들어, 아홉 살쯤 된 한 소녀는 최근에 폐암의 원인과 최상의 치료법이라고 자신이 이해한 바를 썼다.

She was extremely articulate. 

그녀는 대단히 명확하게 표현했다. 

Her interest had been sparked by the fact that her mother had been diagnosed with the disease, prompting her to read as much as she could find on the subject. 

그녀의 관심은 그녀의 어머니가 그 질병을 진단 받았다는 사실로 촉발되었으며, 그 때문에 그녀는 그 주제에 대해 찾을 수 있는 한 많은 것을 읽었다. 

Learning that is reducible to memorizing facts that are true or false is different from learning that engages actor-centered, adaptive decision making. 

 맞거나 틀린 사실들을 암기하는 것으로 축소될 수 있는 학습은 행위자 중심의, 적응적인 의사 결정 을 하게 하는 학습과는 다르다. 

This kind of decision making is the result of an authentic question generated by the learner on the basis of a genuine need to know and is one that inevitably requires more complex thinking. 

이러한 종류의 의사 결정은 알고자 하는 진정한 욕구에 기초하여 학습자에 의해 생성된 진정한 질문의 결과이며 불가피하게 더 복잡한 생각을 필요로 하는 것이다. 

It is the search for meaning that organizes actor-centered questions and encourages the use of higher-order functions. 

행위자 중심의 질문을 체계화하고 더 높은 차원의 기능을 사용하도록 권장 하는 것은 바로 의미에 대한 추구이다. 

*articulate (생각, 감정 등을) 명확하게 표현하는 

① logic 
② purpose 
③ memory 
④ creativity 
⑤ predictability

어법고르기문제

One dimension of the mind’s innate search for (meaning/means) (have/has) to do with the compelling power of                  . 

For example, a girl of about nine years old recently described what she understood (to be/is) the causes and best treatment for  lung cancer. 

She was extremely articulate. 

Her interest had been sparked by the fact that her mother (was diagnosed/had been diagnosed) with the disease, prompting  her to read as much as she could find on the subject. 

Learning that is reducible to (memorize/memorizing) facts that are true or false (is/being) different from learning that engages  actor-centered, adaptive decision making. 

This kind of decision making is the result of an authentic question(generating/ generated by) the learner  on the basis of a genuine need to know and (is/be) one that inevitably requires more complex thinking.

It is the search for meaning that (organizing/organizes) actor-centered questions and (encourage/encourages) the use of higher-order functions.  

1-4.  다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은? 

 My father had a favorite story about social practices which he learned from his father: An enormous herd of sheep was moving down a country road, led by a wise old ram. 

 나의 아버지에게는 자신의 아버지로부터 배운, 사회적 관습에 관한 좋아하는 이야기가 하나 있었다. 현명한 늙은 숫양이 이끄는 엄청난 규모의 양 떼가 시골길을 따라서 이동하고 있었다. 

As the lead sheep approached an intersection, a young lady on a bicycle was approaching on the crossroad. 

선도하는 양이 교차로에 접근했을 때, 자전거를 탄 한 젊은 여성이 교차하는 길에 서 접근하고 있었다. 

The old ram realized that if she had to wait for all those sheep to cross, she would be delayed for hours. 

그 늙은 숫양은 그녀가 그 모든 양들이 지나가기를 기다려야 한다면, 그녀가 가는 길이 몇 시간 동안 지체될 것이 라는 것을 깨달았다. 

The old ram knew he couldn’t stop, because of all the sheep pushing from behind. 

그 늙은 숫양은 뒤에서 미는 모든 양들 때문에 멈출 수 없다는 것을 알았다. 

Being the gentleman that he was, he came up with a creative solution: he jumped high in the air, giving her room to pass safely under and continue on her way. 

그는 그렇듯 신사였으므로, 창의적인 해결책, 즉 자신이 공중으로 높이 뛰어올라, 그녀에게 안전하게 밑으로 통과하여 가던 길을 계속해서 갈 수 있게 공간을 마련해주는 해 결책을 생각해 냈다.

Late that night, as the young lady was safely at home and having supper, the sheep were still jumping over the same intersection, but no one knew why. 

그날 밤 늦게, 그 젊은 여성이 안전하게 집에 도 착하여 저녁 식사를 하고 있었을 때, 양들은 여전히 같은 교차로 위 로 뛰어오르고 있었지만, 왜 그러는지는 아무도 몰랐다. 

What had started out as a creative idea turned into                    .

창의적인 아이디어로 시작되었던 것이 무의미한 관습으로 변해 버렸다. 

① a senseless institution 
② a popular animal show 
③ a life-threatening danger 
④ an educational experience 
⑤ a widespread sporting event 

어법고르기문제

My father had a favorite story about social (practice/practicing/practices) (where/which) he learned from his father: 

An enormous herd of sheep (were/was) moving down a country road, (leading/led by) a wise old ram. 

As the lead sheep (approached to/approached) an intersection, a young lady on a bicycle was (approaching/approaching to) on the crossroad. 

The old ram realized that if she (had had/had) to wait for all those sheep to cross, she would (delay/be delayed) for hours. 

The old ram knew he couldn’t stop, because of all the sheep (pushing/pushed) from behind. 

(Being/Been) the gentleman that he was, he came up with a creative solution:  he jumped high in the air, (giving/given) her room to pass (safe/safely) under and continue on her way. 

Late that night, as the young lady was safely at home and (had/having) supper, the sheep were still (jumping/jumped) over  the same intersection, but no one (knew/didn't know) why. 

What had started out as a creative idea (turning/turned) into                    .

1-5.  다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은? 

 Many improvising actors talk about both the high they get from a good improvisation, and the terror they feel when a performance isn’t going well.

많은 즉흥 연기를 하는 배우들은 훌륭한 즉흥 연기로부터 얻는 매우 큰 성취감과 연기가 잘 되지 않을 때 느끼는 공포 둘 다에 대해 이야기한다. 

The unpredictability of group creativity can be frightening because            . 

집단 창의성의 예측 불가능성은 실패가 공개적이기 때문에 무서울 수 있다. 

If a painter fails, he or she can paint over the canvas; a writer can crumple up the paper and throw it away. 

화가는 실패하더라도, 캔버스 위에 덧칠할 수 있다. 작가는 종이를 구겨서 그것을 버릴 수 있다. 

But imagine if writers had to publish every single one of their manuscripts — that’s the situation improv actors find themselves in every night.

 하지만 작가가 자기 원고를 하나하나 모두 출판해야 한다면 어떨지 상상해 보라. 그것이 바로 즉흥 연기를 하는 배우들이 매일밤 처하게 되는 상황이다. 

Mark Gordon, a director of and actor in The Compass Players, said, “It always felt to me like taking your pants off in front of an audience. 

The Compass Players의 감독이자 배우인 Mark Gordon 은 다음과 같이 말했다. 

“It always felt to me like taking your pants off in front of an audience. A little terrifying.” 

“저는 항상 관중 앞에서 바지를 벗는 것 같은 기분이 들었어요. 조금 무서운 일이죠.”

Ted Flicker, director of the first St. Louis Compass and founder of the New York group The Premise, said, “Unless you’ve actually tasted what improvising in front of an audience feels like, you can’t imagine the horror of it.” 

St. Louis Compass의 초대 감독이자 뉴욕의 극단 The Premise의 설립자 Ted Flicker 는 “관중 앞에서 즉흥 연기를 하는 것이 어떤 느낌인지 실제로 체험 해 보지 않았다면, 그것이 주는 공포를 ‘상상할’ 수 없습니다.”라고 말했다. 

*crumple 구기다 **improv 즉흥 연기, 애드리브 

① failure is public 
② horror affects viewers 
③ performance is favored 
④ success is a gradual process 
⑤ actors are uncooperative with each other 

어법고르기문제

Many (improvising/improvised) actors talk about both the high they get from a good improvisation,  and the terror they feel when a performance isn’t going well. 

The unpredictability of group creativity can be (frightened/frightening) because            . 

If a painter(had failed/fails), he or she can paint over the canvas; a writer can crumple up the paper and throw (it/them) away. 

But imagine if writers had to publish every single one of their manuscripts — that’s the situation improve actors find themselves in every night. 

Mark Gordon, a director of and actor in The Compass Players, said, “It always felt (me/to me) like taking your pants off  in front of an audience. A little (terrified/terrifying).” 

Ted Flicker, director of the first St. Louis Compass and founder of the New York group The Premise, said, “(Unless/If) you’ve actually tasted what improvising in front of an audience feels like, you can’t imagine the horror of it.” 

1-6.  다음 글의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은? 

 Dr. Zajonc’s drive theory claims that the mere presence of an audience is arousing, and that this increases the tendency to produce dominant responses. 

 Zajonc 박사의 추동 이론은 단순히 관중이 존재하는 것만으로도 자극이 되며 이것이 지배적 반응을 만들어내는 경향을 증가시킨다고 주장한다.

If the dominant responses are appropriate or correct in relation to the task, performance will be enhanced, but if inappropriate, performance will be impaired compared to when the person performs the task alone. 

그 지배적 반응이 그 과업과 관련하여 적절하거나 적당하면, 수행이 향상되겠지만, 부적절하면 그 사람이 그 과업을 혼자 수행할 때에 비해 수행이 손상될 것이다. 

This means that tasks we are skilled at, which are well learned and of which we have a long history of experience are likely to be enhanced in front of an audience.

이것은 능숙하게 잘하고, 잘 배웠으며, 오랜 시간의 경험을 가진 과업은 관중 앞에서 더 잘될 가능성이 있다는 것을 의미한다. 

  (A)  , tasks at which we are not skilled or those in the early stages of learning will be performed even more poorly in front of an audience.

  그에 반해서, 능숙하지 않거나 학습의 초기 단계에 있는 과업은 관중 앞에서 훨씬 더 서툴게 수행될 것 이다. 

Take the example of teaching; Zajonc’s drive theory predicts that an experienced, skilled teacher will do well in front of a class. 

 가르치는 일의 예를 들어 보자. Zajonc의 추동 이론에서는 경험이 많고, 숙련된 교사가 학급 학생들 앞에서 잘할 것이라고 예측 한다.

On the other hand, a new teacher may practise and rehearse at home and be satisfied with his or her performance. 

 반면에, 신임 교사는 집에서 연습하고 리허설을 하면서 자신의 수행에 만족할지 모른다. 

 (B)  , when the new teacher has to stand in front of a class he or she is likely to perform poorly, both according to his or her own expectations and to those of the students in the class. 

그러나 그 신임 교사가 학급 학생들 앞에 서야 할 때는 자신의 기대 수준과 학급 학생들의 기대 수준 모두에 비추어 수업을 제대로 하지 못할 가능성이 있다. 

*impair 손상하다, 상하게 하다 

      (A)              (B) 
① In contrast  …… However 
② In contrast  …… Therefore 
③ As a result  …… However 
④ For example …… Similarly 
⑤ For example …… Therefore 

어법고르기문제

 Dr. Zajonc’s drive theory claims that the mere presence of an audience is (aroused/arousing), and that this increases  the tendency (to produce/production) dominant responses. 

If the dominant responses are appropriate or correct in relation to the task, performance will be (enhanced/enhancing), but if inappropriate, performance will be (imparing/impaired) (comparing/compared) to when the person performs the task alone. 

This means that tasks we are (skilled to/skilled at), which are well (learning/learned) and (in which/of which) we have a long  history of experience (is /are) likely to be enhanced in front of an audience.

  (A)  , tasks (on which/at which) we are not skilled or those in the early stages of learning will be (performing/performed) even more (poorly/poor) in front of an audience. 

Take the example of teaching; Zajonc’s drive theory predicts that an experienced, skilled teacher will do well in front of a class. 

On the other hand, a new teacher may practise and (rehearsing/rehearse) at home and be satisfied with  his or her performance. 

 (B)  , when the new teacher has to stand in front of a class he or she is likely to perform (poorly/poor), both according to his or her own expectations and to those of the students in the class. 

() 괄호 안에 숫자가 틀린 갯수입니다.

문법이나 단어내용상 맞지 않는 것 찾기입니다.

답은 본문과 비교해 보시면서 또 공부하실 수 있습니다^^

아래 링크 본문에서 확인하세요 

https://englishmaterial.tistory.com/18

1. He thought that knowing these things will ensure his suceed. (2)

2. He announced that he will reward anyone who could teach to him these things. (2)

3.Regarded the first question, some said that the king should make a detailed schedule so that he could always know  the perfect time doing everything. (2)

4. Others claimed that he should take every situation into account and waited for the precise moment to be acted. (2) 

 5. Equally various was the answers the second question. (빠진단어1/틀린단어1)

6.Some said that the members of the king’s council was the most important people, while others mentioned priests, doctors,  or warriors.  (1)

7.In response to the third question, some replied that science was the most important thing, where others  insisted  that  it be war or religious worship. (2) 

8. The king was not pleasing with any of the answer. (2)

9.Still wishing for find the best answers to his questions, the king decided visiting an  old hermit  who was famous to his  wisdom. (3)

10. The hermit lived in a forest and met only ordinary folk, so the king disguised him as a simple peasant. (1)

11. He ordered his bodyguards stay behind while he went on alone seeking out the hermit. (2)

12. Reaching the hermit’s hut, the king found the old man to dig in his garden. (1)

13. The hermit greeted the king and continued to dig. (1) 

14. The hermit listened careful but declined to respond. “You must be tiring,” the king said. “Let me helping you with that.” (3)

15. The hermit thanked him, handed the king his spade. (1)

16. The king worked for a long time, during the hermit watched him silent. (2) 

17.Eventually, as the sun was set, the king stopped and said, “I came to you for answers for my questions.  If you can give to me none, please let me known so that I can return home.” (4)

18. “Someone is running toward us,” the hermit said.  “Let’s see who is it.” (1)

19. The king turned and saw a man ran out of the woods. (1)

20. When the man reached to the king, he fell down. (1)

21. Because he was complete exhausted, the king also lay down and slept. (1)

22. When he awoke in the morning, the man was staring to him.(1)

23. “While the last war, you killed my brother and took my property.(1) 

24. When I knew that you went to see the hermit, I decided killing you on your way back. (2)

25. Although I escaped, I would have died if you didn’t save my life. Now, my sons and I will serve to you forever.”  (2)

26. Pleasing to have made friends with his enemy so easy, the king forgave the man and promised restoring his property. (3)

27. After the man left, the king went outside to talk to the hermit.

28. “They’ve already answered,” said the hermit.(빠진단어1)

29. “If you hadn’t helped me, you have left, and that man have attacked you. (빠진단어 2)

30. Later, the most important time was when you cared to the man. (1)

31. If you didn't help him, he would’ve died, so he was the most important person,  and helping him was the most important thing. (1)

32. Remember, there is only one time that is important: now! The person that you are with are the most important person,  and do that person good is the most important thing.” (2)

Three Questions 

There was once a king who wanted to know three things: the right time to do everything, the most necessary people to pay attention to, and the most important thing to do.  

옛날에 세 가지를 알기 원하는 왕이 있었습니다. 모든 일을 하기에 언제가 적기인지, 주의를 기울여야 할 가장 필요한 사람이 누구인지, 그리고 해야 할 가장 중요한 일이 무엇인지.

He thought that knowing these things would ensure his success.

그는 이것들을 아는 것이 그의 성공을 보장해줄 것이라고 생각했습니다.

He announced that he would reward anyone who could teach him these things. 

그는 이것들을 알려줄 수 있는 누구에게든 보상하겠다고 발표했습니다.

Many people traveled to his palace, but they all provided different answers to his questions.

많은 사람들이 그의 궁으로 찾아왔지만, 그들 모두는 그의 질문들에 대해 다른 답을 제공했습니다.

Regarding the first question, some said that the king should make a detailed schedule so that he could always know the perfect time to do everything. 

첫 번째 질문에 관해서, 어떤 사람들은 왕이 모든일들을 할 최적의 때를 항상 알 수 있도록 상세한 일정을 짜야 한다고 말했습니다.

Others claimed that he should take every situation into account and wait for the precise moment to act. 

다른 사람들은 왕이 모든 상황을 고려해서 행동할 정확한 시기를 기다려야 한다고 주장했습니다.

Still others suggested that he should consult wise men.   

또 다른 사람들은 현자들과 상의해야 한다고 제안했습니다.
 
Equally various were the answers to the second question. 

두 번째 질문에 대한 대답들도 역시 다양했습니다.

Some said that the members of the king’s council were the most important people, while others mentioned priests, doctors, or warriors. 

어떤 사람들은 왕의 자문위원회 위원들이 가장 중요한 사람들이라고 말하는 반면, 다른 사람들은 성직자, 의사, 기사라고 말했습니다.

In response to the third question, some replied that science was the most important thing, whereas others insisted that it was war or religious worship. 

세 번째 질문에 대한 답으로는, 어떤 사람들은 과학이 가장 중요한 것이라고 말한 반면, 다른 사람들은 전쟁이나 종교적인 예배라고 주장했습니다.

The king was not pleased with any of the answers. 

왕은 그 답들중 어떤 대답도 마음에 들지 않았습니다.

Still wishing to find the best answers to his questions, the king decided to visit an old hermit who was famous for his wisdom. 

여전히 그의 질문들에 대한 최선의 답을 찾길 원했기 때문에, 왕은 지혜로 명성이 높은 한 늙은 은자를 찾아가기로 결정했습니다.

The hermit lived in a forest and met only ordinary folk, so the king disguised himself as a simple peasant. 

그 은자는 숲에 살았고, 오직 평민들만 만났기에 왕은 평범한 농부로 변장했습니다.

He ordered his bodyguards to stay behind while he went on alone to seek out the hermit. 

왕은 은자를 찾기 위해 혼자 가는 동안, 그의 경호원들에게 뒤에 남아있으라고 명령했습니다.

Reaching the hermit’s hut, the king found the old man digging in his garden. 

왕이 은자의 오두막에 도착했을 때, 왕은 그 노인이 그의 정원에서 땅을 파고 있는 것을 봤습니다.

The hermit greeted the king and continued digging. 

은자는 왕에게 인사를 하고나서 계속해서 땅을 팠습니다.

The king said, “I have come here to ask you three questions. How can I learn the right time to do everything? Whom do I most need to pay attention to? Finally, what is the most important thing to do?” 

왕이 말했다. “당신에게 세 가지 질문을 하려고 왔습니다. 어떻게 하면 제가 모든일들을 할 최적의 때를 알 수 있습니까? 저는 누구에게 가장 관심을 기울여야 합니까? 마지막으로, 해야 할 가장 중요한 일은 무엇입니까?”

 
The hermit listened carefully but declined to respond. “You must be tired,” the king said. “Let me help you with that.” 

은자는 주의 깊게 들었지만 대답하기를 거절했다. “당신은 지친 게 분명합니다. 제가 당신이 하는 일을 도와드리겠습니다.”라고 왕이 말했다. 

The hermit thanked him, handing the king his spade. 

은자는 왕에게 감사해 하고는, 그의 삽을 왕에게 건넸습니다.

The king worked for a long time, while the hermit watched him silently. 

왕은 한참 동안 일을 했고, 그동안 은자는 왕을 아무 말없이 바라보았습니다.

Eventually, as the sun was setting, the king stopped and said, “I came to you for answers to my questions. If you can give me none, please let me know so that I can return home.” 

해가 지고 있었기에, 결국 왕은 하던 일을 멈추고 말했다. “저는 제 질문들에 대한 대답을 얻으려 당신에게 왔습니다. 당신이 저에게 아무 대답도 줄 수 없다면, 집으로 돌아갈 수 있도록 알려주세요.”

“Someone is running toward us,” the hermit said.  “Let’s see who it is.”

“누군가 우리 쪽으로 달려오고 있군요.”라고 은자가 말했습니다. “누군지 봅시다.”

The king turned and saw a man running out of the woods. 

왕은 고개를 돌려 한 남자가 숲에서부터 달려오는 것을 보았습니다.

When the man reached the king, he fell down. 

그 남자가 왕에게 이르렀을 때, 그는 쓰러졌습니다.

The king could see blood flowing from a large wound in his stomach. 

왕은 그의 배에 있는 커다란 상처에서 피가 흐르는 것을 볼 수 있었습니다. 

The king washed and bandaged the wound, and then he and the hermit carried the man into the hut. 

왕은 그 상처를 씻어주고 붕대를 감아주고 나서, 은자와 함께 그 남자를 오두막 안으로 옮겼습니다.

The man closed his eyes and fell asleep.  

그 남자는 눈을 감더니 잠들었습니다.

Because he was completely exhausted, the king also lay down and slept. 

완전히 지쳐버렸기 때문에, 왕도 누워서 잠들었습니다.

When he awoke in the morning, the man was staring at him.

아침에 왕이 잠에서 깼을 때, 그 남자가 왕을 바라보고 있었습니다.

“Forgive me,” the man begged.

“용서해주십시오.”라고 그 남자가 빌었습니다.

“I don’t know you, and I have no reason to forgive you,” the king replied.

“저는 당신을 모릅니다. 그러니 제가 당신을 용서해야 할 이유가 없습니다.”라고 왕이 대답했습니다.

“You might not know me, but I know you,” the man answered. 

“당신은 저를 모를 수도 있지만 저는 당신을 압니다.”라고 남자가 대답했습니다.

“During the last war, you killed my brother and took my property. 

“지난 전쟁에서 당신은 저의 형제를 죽이고, 제 재산을 앗아갔습니다.

When I knew that you had gone to see the hermit, I decided to kill you on your way back. 

당신이 은자를 보러 갔다는 것을 알았을 때, 저는 당신이 돌아오는 길에 당신을 죽이려고 결심했습니다.

However, I came across your bodyguards, who recognized me and wounded me. 

하지만, 저는 우연히 당신의 경호원들과 마주쳤고, 그들이 저를 알아보고 저에게 상처를 입혔습니다. 

Although I escaped, I would have died if you hadn’t saved my life. Now, my sons and I will serve you forever.”  

탈출하기는 했으나, 당신이 제 목숨을 구해주지 않았다면 저는 죽었을 것입니다. 이제부터, 제 아들들과 저는 당신을 평생 섬기도록 하겠습니다.”

Pleased to have made friends with his enemy so easily, the king forgave the man and promised to restore his property. 

이렇게 쉽게 적과 화해하게 된 것이 기뻤기때문에, 왕은 그 남자를 용서하고 그의 재산을 돌려주겠다고 약속했습니다. 

After the man left, the king went outside to talk to the hermit.

그 남자가 떠난 후, 왕은 은자와 말하기 위해 밖으로 나갔습니다.

“For the last time, I beg you to answer my questions,” the king said. 

“마지막으로, 당신이 제 질문들에 답해주시기를 간청 드립니다.”라고 왕이 말했습니다.

“They’ve already been answered,” said the hermit.

“그것들은 이미 답변이 이루어졌습니다.”라고 은자가 말했습니다.

“What do you mean?” the king asked.

“무슨 말씀이십니까?”라고 왕이 물었습니다.

“If you hadn’t helped me, you would’ve left, and that man would’ve attacked you. 

“당신이 나를 돕지 않았다면, 당신은 떠났을 것이고, 그 남자가 당신을 공격했을 겁니다.

Therefore, the most important time was when you were digging. 

그러므로, 가장 중요한 순간은 당신이 땅을 파던 때입니다. 

I was the most important person, and helping me was the most important thing. 

제가 바로 가장 중요한 사람이고, 저를 도왔던 것이 가장 중요한 일이었던 것입니다.

Later, the most important time was when you cared for the man. 

그 후에, 가장 중요한 순간은 당신이 그 남자를 돌봐주었을 때입니다. 

If you hadn’t helped him, he would’ve died, so he was the most important person, and helping him was the most important thing. 

만약 당신이 그를 돕지 않았다면, 그는 죽었을 것이기에 그가 가장 중요한 사람이었고, 그를 돕는 것이 가장 중요한 일이었습니다. 

Remember, there is only one time that is important: now! The person that you are with is the most important person, and doing that person good is the most important thing.” 

기억하십시오. 중요한 순간은 오직 한 순간, 바로 지금입니다! 당신이 함께하는 사람이 가장 중요한 사람이고, 그 사람에게 선을 행하는 것이 가장 중요한 일입니다.”

3과 Do you have special plans? 

문법 1. 현재진행형 

본문 예문 - Yejin is learning hip-hop moves.

현재 하고 있는 것을 나타낼 때 쓰는 시제인 현재진행형에서 ing 로 바꾸는 문법을 익혀야합니다.

-ing 만들기 

일반적인 동사   ing   : go - going  /  sell - selling

자음 + e 끝날 때    e 를 빼고 ing / make - making

-ie 로 끝날 때       ie를 y로 바꾸고 ing  / lie - lying

단모음+단자음 일때     마지막 단자음 한번 더 쓰고 ing  /   stop - stopping

* 현재진행형의 의문문과 부정문 

She is studying English -> Is she studying English?

주어 동사 자리 바꾸기 

They are reading books. -> Are they reading books?

부정문 만들기 

She is studying English -> She is not studying English.

문법 2. 조동사 will / be going to 

본문 예문 - He will take his new hobby with him.

                  The club will perform at the school festival next month.

                   He is going to make spaghetti aglio e olio this Saturday.

will + 동사원형 (의지적인 내용 미래 / 대화속에서 즉석 결정 미래)

be going to + 동사원형 (이미 예정된 미래) 

의지 미래  - I will help them in the near future.

예정 미래 - I am going to help them next month.

대화속 즉석 결정 - M : Oh, we have only 1 egg.   W : I will buy eggs. 

부정문 의문문 만들기

will 뒤에 not 을 붙입니다. 줄여서 won't 라고 씁니다.

의문문은 Will 주어 동사원형 ~? 

be going to 부정문은 

be not going to 동사원형

의문문은 Be 주어 going to 동사원형~?

I will not go home = I won't go home  의문문 Will you go home?

I am not going to go hiking tomorrow  의문문 Am I going to go hiking tomorrow?

3과 관련문제 

1. 다음 동사들을 ing 형으로 바꾸세요 

(1) learn

(2) listen 

(3) swim

(4) cut

(5) stop

(6) write

(7) take 

(8) tie

(9) shut

(10) give

2. 어법상 잘 못 된 것은?

(1) I will watch the movie tonight.

(2) She will help the poor.

(3) She won't come back soon.

(4) My mom will study not Korean.

(5) Will she marry me?

3. 빈칸에 알맞는 말을?

나는 Jenny에게 소포를 보내고 있다.

= I ___________________ a package to Jenny.

(1) sent  (2) am sent  (3) will send  (4) am sending (5) sending

4. Do you cook dinner? 을 현재 진행형으로 바꾸세요 

5. 다음 중 밑줄친 부분과 바꿔 쓸수 있는 것은?

She is going to move to Seoul.

(1) can  (2) may  (3) have to  (4) will  (5) should

6. 다음 중 어법상 틀린 것을 찾아 고치세요 

(1) She not is going to plan her trip.

(2) What she will cook tonight?

7. 다음 빈칸 공통으로 들어갈 말은?

- I  ____________ wash the dishes tomorrow.

- They _____________ play soccer this weekend.

(1) are   (2) are going to  (3) is  (4) will (5) do 

8. 다음 문장을 현재 진행형을 바꾸세요.

(1) My dog looks for a toy.

(2) He reads some books.

(3) They open the windows.

(4) My mom lies on her bed.

(5) Bree studies science.

9. 빈 칸에 들어갈 수 없는 단어는?

Kate will visit her cousin's place ___________.

(1) tomorrow  (2) this evening  (3) soon  (4) last month   (5) next weekend 

10. 다음 문장 들을 will을 넣어서 다시 만드세요.

(1) Mike plays the piano.

(2) Does he plan to come here?

(3) Linda eats Kimchi a lot.