The printing press boosted the power of ideas to copy themselves.
인쇄기는 생각이 스스로를 복제하는 능력을 신장했다.
Prior to low-cost printing, ideas could and did spread by word of mouth.
비용이 적게 드는 인쇄술이 있기 전에, 생각은 구전으로 퍼져 나갈 수 있었고 실제로 그렇게 퍼져 나갔다.
While this was tremendously powerful, it limited the complexity of the ideas that could be propagated to those that a single person could remember.
이것은 대단히 강력했지만, 전파될 수 있는 생각의 복잡성을 단 한 사람이 기억할 수 있는 것들로 제한했다.
It also added a certain amount of guaranteed error.
그것은 또한 일정량의 확실한 오류를 추가했다.
The spread of ideas by word of mouth was equivalent to a game of telephone on a global scale.
구전에 의한 생각의 전파는 전 세계적인 규모의 말 전하기 놀이와 맞먹었다.
The advent of literacy and the creation of handwritten scrolls and, eventually, handwritten books strengthened the ability of large and complex ideas to spread with high fidelity.
글을 읽고 쓸 줄 아는 능력의 출현과 손으로 쓴 두루마리, 그리고 궁극적으로 손으로 쓴 책의 창출은 (범위가) 크고 복잡한 생각이 매우 정확하게 퍼져 나갈 수 있도록 해 주었다.
But the incredible amount of time required to copy a scroll or book by hand limited the speed with which information could spread this way. A well-trained monk could transcribe around four pages of text per day.
그러나 손으로 두루마리나 책을 복사하는 데 요구된 엄청난 양의 시간은 이 방식으로 정보가 퍼져 나갈 수 있는 속도를 제한했다.
A printing press could copy information thousands of times faster, allowing knowledge to spread far more quickly, with full fidelity, than ever before.
잘 훈련된 수도승은 하루에 약 4쪽의 문서를 필사할 수 있었다. 인쇄기는 정보를 수천 배 더 빠르게 복사할 수 있었는데, 그것은 지식이 이전 어느 때보다 훨씬 더 빠르고 최대한 정확하게 퍼져 나갈 수 있게 하였다.
어법선택
The printing press (boosting/boosted) the power of ideas to copy themselves. Prior to low-cost printing, ideas could and (did spread/was spread) by word of mouth. While this was tremendously powerful, it (was limited/limited) the complexity of the ideas that could (be propagated/propagate) to those that a single person could remember. It also added a certain amount of guaranteed error. The spread of ideas by word of mouth was equivalent to a game of telephone on a global scale. The advent of literacy and the creation of (handwriting/handwritten) scrolls and, eventually, handwritten books strengthened the ability of large and complex ideas to spread with high fidelity. But the incredible amount of time (is required/required) to copy a scroll or book by hand limited the speed with (which/when) information could spread this way. A well-trained monk could transcribe around four pages of text per day. A printing press could copy information thousands of times faster, (allows/allowing) knowledge to spread far more (quick/quickly), with full fidelity, than ever before.
14강 Exercise 01
Play is often discounted as something for children, because it does not deal with important survival processes, because it is useless.
놀이는 중요한 생존 과정을 다루고 있지 않기 때문에, 즉 쓸모가 없다는 이유로 흔히 아이들용이라고 평가절하되곤 한다.
But this is a profound misunderstanding.
그러나 이것은 심각한 오해이다.
Play is important because it is useless; because it allows us to act not because of necessity or convenience, but in order to freely express our being.
놀이는 쓸모가 없다는 바로 그 ‘이유 때문에’ 중요한데, 그것이 우리로 하여금 필요나 편리함 때문이 아니라 자유롭게 우리의 존재를 표현하기 위해 행동하도록 해주기 때문이다.
The problem, however, starts again when play becomes a profession — with all the external rewards and responsibilities that this entails.
그러나, 놀이가 직업이 되어 이에 수반하는 모든 외적 보상과 책임을 지니게 되면 다시 문제가 시작된다.
Musicians playing for leading symphony orchestras, or athletes playing for multimillion contracts with elite teams, no longer feel that they play to express their being.
잘 나가는 관현악단에서 연주하는 음악가나 최고의 팀과 수백만 달러의 계약을 맺고 운동하는 선수들은 더 이상 자신의 존재를 표현하기 위해 (그것을) 하고 있다고 느끼지 않는다.
Instead, they start feeling that their skill is being used by others for their own ends.
그 대신, 그들은 자신들의 기량이 다른 사람들에 의해 그들의 목적을 위해서 사용되고 있다고 느끼기 시작한다.
When that happens, instead of allowing for the free flow of consciousness, even play becomes part of the iron cage.
그런 일이 일어나면, 의식의 자유로운 흐름을 허용하는 대신, 놀이조차도 쇠우리의 일부가 되어 버린다.
어법선택
Play is often (discounted/discounting) as something for children, because it does not deal with important survival processes, because it is useless. But this is a profound (misunderstood/misunderstanding). Play is important because it is useless; because it allows us to act not because of necessity or convenience, but in order to (free/freely) express our being. The problem, however, starts again (where/when) play becomes a profession — with all the external rewards and responsibilities that this (entailing/entails). Musicians (play/playing) for leading symphony orchestras, or athletes (play/playing) for multimillion contracts with elite teams, no longer (feeling/feel) that they play to express their being. Instead, they start feeling that their skill (is being used by/is used by) others for their own ends. (When/How) that happens, instead of allowing (for/to) the free flow of consciousness, even play (becomes/becoming) part of the iron cage.
14강 Exercise 02
One facet of the nominal fallacy, the error of believing that the label carries explanatory information, is the danger of using common words and giving them a scientific meaning.
호칭이 설명 정보를 지닌다고 믿는 오류인 명명 오류의 한 측면은 평범한 단어를 사용하여 그것에 과학적 의미를 부여하는 위험이다.
This has the often disastrous effect of leading an unwary public down a path of misunderstanding.
이것은 부주의한 대중을 오해의 길로 호도하는 비참한 결과를 흔히 초래한다.
Words like “theory,” “law,” “force” do not mean in common discourse what they mean to a scientist.
‘이론’, ‘법’, ‘힘’과 같은 단어들은 평범한 담화에서 그것들이 과학자에게 의미하는 것을 의미하지는 않는다.
“Success” in Darwinian evolution is not the same “success” as taught by Dale Carnegie.
다윈의 진화론에서의 ‘성공’은 Dale Carnegie가 가르친 것과 같은 ‘성공’이 아니다.
“Force” to a physicist has a meaning quite different from that used in political discourse.
물리학자에게 ‘힘’은 정치 담론에서 사용되는 것과는 상당히 다른 의미를 지닌다.
The worst of these, though, may be “theory” and “law,” which are almost polar opposites — theory being a strong idea in science while vague in common discourse, and law being a much more muscular social than scientific concept.
하지만 이것들 중 가장 최악의 것은 ‘이론’과 ‘법’일 가능성이 있는데, 그것들은 거의 완전히 반대의 의미를 갖는 것들이라서, 이론은 과학에서 확실한 개념인 반면에 평범한 담화에서는 모호하고, 법은 과학적 개념이라기보다는 훨씬 더 강력한 사회적 개념이다.
These differences lead to sometimes serious misunderstandings between scientists and the public that supports their work.
이러한 차이점은 과학자와 그들의 작업을 지지하는 일반 대중 사이에 때때로 심각한 오해를 초래한다.
어법선택
One facet of the nominal fallacy, the error of believing that the label (carrying/carries) explanatory information, (is/being) the danger of using common words and (gave/giving) them a scientific meaning. This has the often disastrous effect of (led/leading) an unwary public down a path of misunderstanding. Words like “theory,” “law,” “force” do not mean in common discourse (that/what) they mean to a scientist. “Success” in Darwinian evolution is not the same “success” as taught by Dale Carnegie. “Force” to a physicist (have/has) a meaning quite different from that used in political discourse. The worst of these, though, may be “theory” and “law,” (where/which) are almost polar opposites — theory being a strong idea in science (during/while) vague in common discourse, and law (is/being) a much more muscular social than scientific concept. These differences (leading/lead) to sometimes serious misunderstandings between scientists and the public that (supporting/supports) their work.
14강 Exercise 03
There is an optimal level of emotion that is necessary for increased learning.
학습 증진에 필요한 최적의 감정 수준이 있다.
Too much or too little reduces the efficiency of the cortex.
너무 많거나 너무 적은 수준은 대뇌 피질의 효율성을 감소시킨다.
This is why movies, books, and music that trigger emotions are easily remembered.
이것이 바로 감정을 불러일으키는 영화, 책, 음악이 쉽게 기억되는 이유다.
The best lessons in life or in a classroom make you laugh, think, or cry.
인생이나 교실에서 가장 좋은 수업은 여러분을 웃게 하거나, 생각하게 하거나, 혹은 울게 한다.
One of my high school teachers removed all the furniture from the classroom and taped small square dimensions on the floor that represented the amount of space a slave was afforded on the ships transporting them from Africa to America.
나의 고등학교 선생님 중 한 분은 교실에서 모든 가구를 치우고 바닥에 아프리카에서 미국으로 그들을 운반하는 배에서 노예 한 명에게 주어진 공간의 양을 나타내는 작은 사각형 모양의 면적을 테이프로 표시하셨다.
During that lesson, students were seated tightly packed in their allotted squares for the duration of the period.
그 수업에서 학생들은 수업 시간 내내 할당된 사각형 안에 꽉 들어찬 채 앉아 있었다.
We struggled to make it through the entire period and wondered how slaves could be in similar positions for months.
우리는 전체 수업 시간 동안 참아 내려고 애썼고 노예들이 어떻게 몇 달이나 비슷한 자세로 있을 수 있었는지 궁금히 여겼다.
My high school history teacher created an emotional experience that I remember vividly to this day.
나의 고등학교 역사 선생님께서는 내가 지금까지도 생생하게 기억하는 정서적 경험을 만들어 주신 것이었다.
어법선택
There is an optimal level of emotion that is necessary for (increasing/increased) learning. Too much or too little (reducing/reduces) the efficiency of the cortex. This is why movies, books, and music that trigger emotions are easily (remembering/remembered). The best lessons in life or in a classroom make you laugh, think, or cry. One of my high school teachers removed all the furniture from the classroom and (taped/taping) small square dimensions on the floor that represented the amount of space a slave (affored/was afforded) on the ships transporting them from Africa to America. During that lesson, students (seated/were seated) tightly packed in their allotted squares for the duration of the period. We struggled to make (it/them) through the entire period and wondered (why/how) slaves could be in similar positions for months. My high school history teacher (creating/created) an emotional experience that I remember (vivid/vividly) to this day.
14강 Exercise 04
Standards are prevalent in our modern world because they reduce the costs of interactions among the firms and people that subscribe to them.
표준 단위는 그에 동의한 기업과 사람들 간의 상호 작용의 비용을 줄여주기 때문에 현대 사회에 널리 퍼져 있다.
Hence, it is not unexpected to see standards coevolve with markets.
따라서, 표준 단위가 시장과 함께 진화하는 것을 보는 것이 예상 밖의 일은 아니다.
Many people are surprised to learn that only a few centuries ago simple measures of weight and volume, such as the pound and the pint, were not standard.
많은 사람들은 불과 몇 세기 전만 해도 파운드와 파인트 같은 무게와 부피의 간단한 단위가 표준화되지[공인되지] 않았음을 알고 놀란다.
Even though the same word was used in different towns, the weight of a pound varied from town to town — sometimes by as much as a factor of four.
비록 같은 단어가 여러 다른 마을에서 사용되었지만, 1파운드의 무게는 마을마다 달랐는데, 때로는 4배만큼이나 차이가 났다.
But as cities began to trade with one another and governments began to impose their rule over larger areas, the use of standards grew.
하지만 도시들이 서로 거래를 하기 시작하고 정부가 더 넓은 지역을 통치하기 시작하면서, 표준 단위의 사용은 증가했다.
The coevolution of standards and markets is easy to understand, since anyone buying a bushel of corn from a vendor in another town would want that bushel to mean the same in both towns.
다른 마을의 상인에게서 옥수수 한 부셸을 사는 사람은 누구나 그 부셸이 두 마을에서 같은 것을 의미하기를 원할 것이기 때문에, 표준 단위와 시장이 함께 진화하는 것은 이해하기 쉽다.
So the possibility of trade created an incentive for standardization, and helped the expansion of the governments that were keen on the use of standards.
그래서 교역의 가능성은 표준화의 동기를 만들어 냈으며[거래가 가능하려면 표준화가 생겨야 했고] 표준 단위의 사용에 몹시 관심이 많은 정부들이 널리 확대되는 것을 도왔다.
어법선택
Standards are prevalent in our modern world because they reduce the costs of interactions among the firms and people that (subscribe/subscribed) to them. Hence, it is not unexpected to see standards (coevolve/to coevolve) with markets. Many people are surprised to learn that only a few centuries ago simple measures of weight and volume, such as the pound and the pint, (was/were) not standard. Even though the same word (was used/used) in different towns, the weight of a pound varied from town to town — sometimes by as much as a factor of four. But as cities began to trade with one another and governments began to impose their rule over larger areas, the use of standards (grown/grew). The coevolution of standards and markets is easy to understand, since anyone (bought/buying) a bushel of corn from a vendor in another town would want that bushel to mean the same in both towns. So the possibility of trade (creating/created) an incentive for standardization, and (helping/helped) the expansion of the governments that were keen on the use of standards.
14강 Exercise 05
There is an interesting side to the evolutionary process that is illuminated by astronomy.
진화 과정에 대해 천문학에 의해 밝혀지는 재미있는 측면이 있다.
The living organisms we now see all have their structure based upon the element carbon.
우리가 오늘날 보는 살아있는 유기체들은 모두 그 구조가 탄소라는 원소에 기반하고 있다.
Most biochemists believe no other basis is possible for life.
생화학자 대부분은 다른 어떤 기반도 생명체의 기반이 될 수 없다고 믿는다.
But where does carbon come from?
그렇지만 탄소는 어디에서 오는가?
Carbon originates in the centre of stars where at temperatures of millions of degrees it is ‘cooked’ from simple protons and neutrons.
탄소는 수백만 도의 온도에서 그것이 단순한 양성자와 중성자로부터 ‘조리되는[만들어지는]’ 항성의 중심부에서 생겨난다.
When the stars reach the end of their lives they explode and disperse carbon into space and on to the surface of planets and meteorites.
항성은 수명이 다하면 폭발하여 탄소를 우주로 그리고 행성 및 운석의 표면에 확산시킨다.
However, the time needed to make carbon and other heavier elements, like nitrogen and oxygen, by this stellar alchemy is very long: nearly a billion years.
그러나 이 항성의 연금술로 탄소, 그리고 질소와 산소 같은 다른 더 무거운 원소를 만드는데 필요한 시간은 매우 긴데, 거의 십억 년에 달한다.
Only after this immense period of time will the building blocks of life be available in the universe, and only then can biochemistry take over.
이 엄청난 시간이 지난 후에야만 생명체의 구성 요소를 우주에서 사용할 수 있게 되며 오직 그때서야 비로소 생화학이 이어받을 수 있다.
어법선택
There is an interesting side to the evolutionary process that is (illuminated by/illuminating) astronomy. The living organisms we now see all have their structure based upon the element carbon. Most biochemists believe no other basis is possible for life. But (which/where) does carbon come from? Carbon (originates/originating) in the centre of stars (when/where) at temperatures of millions of degrees it is ‘cooked’ from simple protons and neutrons. (Why/When) the stars reach the end of their lives they (are exploded/explode) and disperse carbon into space and on to the surface of planets and meteorites. However, the time (is needed/needed) to make carbon and other heavier elements, like nitrogen and oxygen, by this stellar alchemy is very long: (near/nearly) a billion years. Only after this immense period of time will the building blocks of life be available in the universe, and only then can biochemistry (take/taking) over.
14강 Exercise 06
Even very subtle manipulation of object-orientation in an ad design can impact purchase behavior.
광고 디자인에서 객체 지향 방법론을 아주 미묘하게 조작하기만 해도 구매 행동에 영향을 미칠 수 있다.
Advertisers can increase purchase intentions by facilitating mental simulation through their visual depictions of the product.
광고주들은 제품에 대한 시각적 묘사를 통해 심적 시뮬레이션을 용이하게 함으로써 구매 의사를 높일 수 있다.
They can do this simply by orienting a product (e.g., a cake with a fork) toward the right side.
그들은 이것을 단순히 제품(예를 들면, 포크가 있는 케이크)을 오른쪽으로 향하게 함으로써 할 수 있다.
While this may not suit the smaller percentage of left-handers, the larger percentage of right-handers will have better mental product-interaction.
이것이 더 적은 비율로 존재하는 왼손잡이들에게는 적합하지 않을 수 있지만, 더 많은 비율로 존재하는 오른손잡이들은 제품과의 정신적 상호작용을 더 잘할 수 있을 것이다.
These results also hold for shelf display design in retail environments.
이러한 결과는 소매 환경에서의 선반 진열 디자인에도 적용된다.
For example, a very slight change in display design of mugs in the window of a coffee shop could affect purchases with consumers imagining picking up that coffee mug and drinking from it.
예를 들어, 커피숍 창문에 놓인 머그잔의 진열 디자인에 아주 작은 변화만 주어도 소비자들이 그 커피잔을 들고 커피를 마시는 것을 상상하여 구매에 영향을 미칠 수 있을 것이다.
Including an instrument (e.g., a spoon for eating an advertised soup) that facilitates mental simulation should also increase purchase intentions.
심적 시뮬레이션을 용이하게 하는 도구(예를 들면, 광고하는 수프를 먹기 위한 숟가락)를 포함하는 것 역시 구매 의사를 증가시킬 것이다.
These consequences of visual depiction impact not just advertising design, but product packaging design and display design as well.
시각적 묘사의 이러한 결과는 광고 디자인뿐만 아니라 제품 포장 디자인과 진열 디자인에도 영향을 미친다.
어법선택
Even very (subtley/subtle) manipulation of object-orientation in an ad design can impact purchase behavior. Advertisers can increase purchase intentions by facilitating mental simulation through their visual depictions of the product. They can do this (simple/simply) by orienting a product (e.g., a cake with a fork) toward the right side. (During/While) this may not suit the (bigger/smaller) percentage of left-handers, the larger percentage of right-handers will have better mental product-interaction. These results also hold for shelf (display/displaying) design in retail environments. For example, a very (slightly/slight) change in display design of mugs in the window of a coffee shop could (affect/effect) purchases with consumers imagining (picking/picked) up that coffee mug and (drinking/drink) from it. (Include/Including) an instrument (e.g., a spoon for eating an advertised soup) that facilitates mental simulation should also increase purchase intentions. These consequences of visual depiction impact not just (advertising/advertised) design, but product packaging design and (display/displayed) design as well.7
14강 Exercise 07
The sun is the ultimate source of all energy on earth, whether it’s used by grass in the fields, trees in the forest, or your car on the road.
태양은 들판의 풀에 의해 사용되든, 숲의 나무에 의해 사용되든, 또는 도로 위의 여러분의 차에 의해 사용되든 간에 지구상의 모든 에너지의 근원적인 원천이다.
Though poets might prefer a more evocative comparison, astrophysicists liken the sun to a nuclear fusion reactor.
시인들은 더 좋은 기억을 떠올리게 하는 비교를 선호할 수도 있겠지만, 천체 물리학자들은 태양을 핵융합 원자로에 비유한다.
Astronomers observe that the sun’s diameter is more than one hundred times larger than the earth’s, and it is unimaginably hot — nearly 15 million degrees Celsius at its center.
천문학자들은 태양의 지름이 지구의 지름보다 100배 넘게 더 크며, 태양은 그 중심부가 거의 섭씨 1,500만 도로 상상할 수 없을 만큼 뜨겁다고 말한다.
Within that heat, the sun packs enormous pressure; the core is forty-three times denser than a diamond.
태양은 그 열기 속에서 엄청난 압력을 지니며 중심부는 다이아몬드보다 43배 더 밀도가 높다.
Under these extreme conditions four protons slamming together make one helium atom through nuclear fusion.
이러한 극한 조건 하에서 4개의 양성자가 함께 부딪치며 핵융합을 통해 하나의 헬륨 원자를 만든다.
When that happens, about 0.7 percent of the mass of the protons is turned into energy (E = mc²), and about 0.000000045 percent of that energy eventually comes flying in our direction in the form of sunlight.
그것이 일어날 때, 양성자 질량의 약 0.7퍼센트가 에너지로 변환되고(E = mc²), 그 에너지의 약 0.000000045퍼센트가 마침내 햇빛의 형태로 우리가 있는 방향으로 날아오게 된다.
That doesn’t sound like a lot of energy, but it’s enough to power all life on earth, and more.
그것은 많은 에너지처럼 들리지는 않지만, 지구상의 모든 생명체에게 에너지를 공급하기에 충분하고 더 많기도 하다.
In fact, the energy in sunlight arriving on earth contains about twelve thousand times more energy than humanity uses in a year.
사실, 지구에 도달하는 햇빛의 에너지는 인류가 1년에 사용하는 에너지보다 약 12,000배 더 많은 에너지를 포함하고 있다.
어법선택
The sun is the ultimate source of all energy on earth, (whether/where) it’s used by grass in the fields, trees in the forest, or your car on the road. (Though/Despite of) poets might prefer a more evocative comparison, astrophysicists liken the sun to a nuclear fusion reactor. Astronomers (observe/observing) that the sun’s diameter is more than one hundred times larger than the earth’s, and it is unimaginably hot — nearly 15 million degrees Celsius at its center. Within that heat, the sun packs (enormous/enormously) pressure; the core is forty-three times denser than a diamond. Under these extreme conditions four protons (slamming/slam) together make one helium atom through nuclear fusion. When that (happens/happening), about 0.7 percent of the mass of the protons (is turned/turns) into energy (E = mc²), and about 0.000000045 percent of that energy eventually comes flying in our direction in the form of sunlight. That doesn’t sound like a lot of energy, but it’s enough to power all life on earth, and more. In fact, the energy in sunlight (arriving/arrived) on earth contains about twelve thousand times more energy than humanity (using/uses) in a year.
14강 Exercise 08
While our brains make up only 2% of our weight, they consume 20% of our energy.
두뇌는 우리 체중의 오직 2퍼센트만 차지하고 있지만, 우리 에너지의 20퍼센트를 소비한다.
They are hungry for oxygen and glucose.
그것은 산소와 포도당을 갈망한다.
This means they are dependent on good blood flow and good regulation of blood sugar.
이것은 그것이 적절한 혈액 순환과 적절한 혈당 조절에 의존한다는 것을 의미한다.
This is where exercise helps.
이 점에 있어서 운동이 도움이 된다.
Poor regulation of blood sugar, for example, is associated with smaller hippocampi — the brain regions responsible for laying down long-term memories.
예를 들어, 불충분한 혈당 조절은 더 작은 해마와 연관이 있는데, 이것은 장기 기억을 저장하는 데 책임이 있는 두뇌 부분이다.
Regular exercise will increase the amount of blood flowing through your brain, and improve the delivery of blood sugar.
규칙적인 운동은 여러분 두뇌에 흐르는 피의 양을 증가시키고 혈당의 전달을 개선시킬 것이다.
This will help new neurons — brain cells — to grow.
이것은 새로운 뉴런들, 즉 뇌 세포들이 성장하도록 도울 것이다.
Until recently, scientists didn’t think adults could grow new neurons; you just had to make do with what you were born with.
최근까지, 과학자들은 성인이 새로운 뉴런을 성장시킬 수 있다고 생각하지 않았는데, 사람은 자신이 가지고 태어난 것으로 그럭저럭 살아야만 한다는 생각이었다.
But we can — and exercise helps this, as well as strengthening connections between existing neurons, improving long-term memories.
그러나 우리는 할[뉴런을 성장시킬] 수 있으며 운동은 현재의[기존의] 뉴런들 간의 연결을 강화하여 장기 기억을 향상시킬 수 있을 뿐 아니라 이렇게 하는 데 도움을 준다.
어법선택
While our brains make up only 2% of our weight, they consume 20% of our energy. They are hungry for oxygen and glucose. This means they are dependent on good blood flow and good regulation of blood sugar. This is where exercise helps. Poor regulation of blood sugar, for example, (is associated/associated) with smaller hippocampi — the brain regions responsible for (laying/lying) down long-term memories. Regular exercise will increase the amount of blood (flown/flowing) through your brain, and improve the delivery of blood sugar. This will help new neurons — brain cells — (to grow/grow). Until recently, scientists didn’t think adults could grow new neurons; you just had to make (do/done) with what you were born with. But we can — and exercise helps this, as well as (strengthening/strengthen) connections between existing neurons, (improving/improved) long-term memories.
It impresses us with its beauty and (supplies/supply) us with everything we need to survive.
It also provides some people (to/with) the inspiration to create things in a new way.
The act of (creating/created) things based on nature (being/is) called "biomimicry."
This term (derives/is derived) from the Greek words bios, meaning "life," and mimesis, (meaning/means) "imitation."
Architects who (using/use) biomimicry look (after/at) nature as an incredibly successful engineer who has already (been come/come) up with answers to some of the problems they now (face/facing).
They carefully study plants, animals, and (the other/other) aspects of nature to learn how they work.
As a result, they (have been/are) able to find some innovative solutions to (engineer/engineering) and architectural challenges.
The Sagrada Familia is an (enormously/enormous) church in Barcelona, Spain.
(Designed/Design) by the world-famous architect Antoni Gaudi, the church is one of the most prominent (building/buildings) in the world.
Construction of this remarkable building (began/has begun) in 1882, and Gaudi (taking/took) over responsibility for its design in 1883.
Believe it or not, the building (is/had been) still under construction.
Some people love the Sagrada Familia and (the others/others) hate it, but nearly everyone (is fascinated by/fascinates) its unique design.
Gaudi believed that all architects should look (for/to) nature (for/to) inspiration.
This preference can be seen in all his buildings, (included/including) the Sagrada Familia.
He preferred the curves (finding/found) in natural objects to the straight lines found in artificial (them/ones).
Many parts of the church (incorporates/incorporate) images and forms from nature.
For example, the church's spires are (topping/topped) with spheres that resemble fruits.
There are also turtles (carve/carved) into the stone bases of columns and spiral stairs that (are resembled/resemble) the shells of sea creatures.
Perhaps the most impressive feature of the Sagrada Familia is the ceiling.
Gaudi designed the columns inside the church to resemble trees and branches, so visitors who look (down/up) can feel (as if/though) they were standing in a great forest.
The light that (coming/comes) through the small holes all over the ceiling even (is resembled/resembles) the light beaming through leaves in a forest.
These tree-like columns are not just for decoration, though.
(Inspired by/Inspiring) trees, Gaudi gave the columns a single base that (splits/is splitted) off into branches near the top.
This allows (theirs/them) to support the roof better by distributing its weight (even/evenly).
(Because/Although) Gaudi recognized the superiority of natural forms, he was able to design a building that is both beautiful and functional.
The Eastgate Centre is an office building and shopping complex in Harare, Zimbabwe.
(Building/Built) in 1996, it might not be as (visually/visual) impressive as the Sagrada Familia.
However, the building is an excellent example of biomimicry.
(Because/Due to) the hot climate of Harare, air conditioning systems can be very (costly/cost) to install, run, and maintain.
To solve this problem, the building's architect, Mick Pearce, turned (on/off/to/for) *termite mounds for an alternative.
Termite mounds are large structures (built by/building) certain termite species.
Scientists believe that the mounds stay cool (due to/despite of) a constant flow of air.
Each mound (has/have) a network of holes (referring/referred) to as chimneys.
It has a large central chimney and smaller outer chimneys (where/that) are close to the ground.
The heat (generated by/generates) the daily activity of the termites (rises/rising) up through the central chimney, eventually (escapes/escaping) through the top of the mound.
In the meantime, cooler air is (pulling/pulled) in through the smaller chimneys, (keeps/keeping) the termites' home at a comfortable temperature during the hot day.
Also, the soil (surrounded/surrounding) the mound absorbs heat in the hot daytime hours.
Therefore, the temperature inside the mound does not increase (great/greatly) and (staying/stays) relatively cool.
At night, (when/which) the outside temperature goes down, the heat (is finally released/finally releases).
This process (is inspired/inspired) Pearce to design an innovative climate control system.
The Eastgate Centre was constructed without a conventional cooling system.
Instead, Pearce (is using/used) building materials that can store large amounts of heat.
The floors and walls of the building (absorbing/absorb) heat during the day, just like the soil of a termite mound.
The heat (releases/is released) at night, and the walls cool down, ready to store heat again by the next morning.
The structure of the building also helps (keeping/keep) the building cool.
There are openings near the base of the building, and outside air (came/comes) into the building through them.
This air (is moved/moves) through the building by a system of automatic fans.
Eventually, the air, along with heat (generating/generated by) human activity during the day, (rose/rises) upward through the building's internal open spaces and (releases/is released) through chimneys on the roof.
As a result, the building has (not only/not) cool temperatures but also fresh air.
More importantly, the Eastgate Centre uses far less energy than other buildings, (where/which) saves money and helps (protecting/protect) the environment from pollution.
Without the inspiration Pearce received from tiny termites, none of this would (be/have been) possible.
Using biomimicry in architecture is just one way that humans are (utilized/utilizing) the lessons of nature to improve the way we do things.
Biomimicry is also (being used/using) to solve problems in the fields of robotics, agriculture, and many others.
(Imitated/Imitating) the ideas of nature not only helps (solving/solve) problems, but it also makes us feel closer to nature.
As a result, humans are more likely to stop (to destroy/destroying) the environment and start becoming part of (them/it) instead.
It impresses us with its beauty and supplies us with everything we need to survive.
자연은 아름다움으로 우리에게 감동을 주고 우리가 생존하는데 필요한 모든 것을 우리에게 제공합니다.
It also provides some people with the inspiration to create things in a new way.
자연은 또한 어떤 사람들에게는 새로운 방식으로 무언가를 창조해 내는 데 영감을 줍니다.
The act of creating things based on nature is called "biomimicry."
자연에 기초하여 어떤 것들을 창조해 내는 행위를 '자연 모방 (기술)'이라고 부릅니다.
This term is derived from the Greek words bios, meaning "life," and mimesis, meaning "imitation."
이 용어는 '생명'을 뜻하는 그리스어인 bios와 '모방'을 뜻하는 그리스어인 mimesis에서 유래됩니다.
Architects who use biomimicry look at nature as an incredibly successful engineer who has already come up with answers to some of the problems they now face.
자연 모방 (기술)을 활용하는 건축가들은 자연을 그들이 현재 직면해있는 몇가지 문제들의 해답을 이미 찾아낸 놀랄 만큼 성공적인 기술자로 봅니다.
They carefully study plants, animals, and other aspects of nature to learn how they work.
그들은 그것들이 어떻게 작동하는지 알기 위해 식물, 동물, 그리고 자연의 다른 측면들을 세심히 연구합니다.
As a result, they have been able to find some innovative solutions to engineering and architectural challenges.
그 결과, 그들은 공학 기술이나 건축학적 문제들에 대해서 몇가지 혁신적인 해결책을 찾을 수 있어 왔습니다.
The Curving Beauty of Nature
곡선으로 이루어진 자연의 아름다움
The Sagrada Familia is an enormous church in Barcelona, Spain.
Sagrada Familia는 스페인의 바르셀로나에 있는 거대한 성당입니다.
Designed by the world-famous architect Antoni Gaudi, the church is one of the most prominent buildings in the world.
세계적으로 유명한 건축가인 안토니 가우디에 의해 설계된 이 성당은 세계에서 가장 유명한 건물 중의 하나입니다.
Construction of this remarkable building began in 1882, and Gaudi took over responsibility for its design in 1883.
이 놀라운 건물의 건설은 1882년에 시작되었고, 가우디가 1883년에 그것의 설계에 대한 책임을 받았습니다.
Believe it or not, the building is still under construction.
믿으실지 모르겠으나, 이 건물은 아직도 공사가 진행 중입니다.
Some people love the Sagrada Familia and others hate it, but nearly everyone is fascinated by its unique design.
어떤 이들은 Sagrada Familia를 좋아하고 또 다른이들은 싫어하지만, 거의 모든 사람들이 이 건물의 독특한 디자인에 매력을 느낍니다.
Gaudi believed that all architects should look to nature for inspiration.
가우디는 모든 건축가들이 영감을 얻기 위해 자연으로 눈을 돌려야 한다고 믿었습니다.
This preference can be seen in all his buildings, including the Sagrada Familia.
이런 선호는 Sagrada Familia를 포함한 그의 모든 건물에서 볼 수 있습니다.
He preferred the curves found in natural objects to the straight lines found in artificial ones.
그는 인공물에서 발견되는 직선보다는 자연물에서 발견되는 곡선을 선호했습니다.
Many parts of the church incorporate images and forms from nature.
교회의 많은 부분들이 자연으로부터의 형상들과 형태를 포함하고 있습니다.
For example, the church's spires are topped with spheres that resemble fruits.
예를 들어, 성당의 첨탑들은 꼭대기에 과일을 닮은 구들이 있습니다.
There are also turtles carved into the stone bases of columns and spiral stairs that resemble the shells of sea creatures.
또한, 기둥들의 초석에는 거북이가 새겨져 있으며 바다 생물들의 껍데기를 닮은 나선형 계단도 있습니다.
Perhaps the most impressive feature of the Sagrada Familia is the ceiling.
아마도 Sagrada Familia의 가장 인상적인 점은 천장일 것입니다.
Gaudi designed the columns inside the church to resemble trees and branches, so visitors who look up can feel as if they were standing in a great forest.
가우디는 성당 안의 기둥을 나무와 가지들을 닮게 디자인하여, 위를 올려다보는 방문객들은 마치 그들이 울창한 숲 속에 서 있는 것처럼 느끼게 합니다.
The light that comes through the small holes all over the ceiling even resembles the light beaming through leaves in a forest.
천장 곳곳에 있는 작은 구멍들 사이로 들어오는 빛은 숲 속의 잎들 사이로 비추는 빛을 닮았습니다.
These tree-like columns are not just for decoration, though.
하지만 이 나무를 닮은 기둥들은 단순히 장식하기 위해서가 아닙니다.
Inspired by trees, Gaudi gave the columns a single base that splits off into branches near the top.
가우디는 나무에 영감을 받아 꼭대기 가까이에서 나뭇가지로 갈라지는 하나의 토대가 기둥에 있도록 했습니다.
This allows them to support the roof better by distributing its weight evenly.
이것은 지붕의 무게가 균등하게 나누어지도록 해서 기둥이 지붕을 더 잘 지탱할 수 있게 해 줍니다.
Because Gaudi recognized the superiority of natural forms, he was able to design a building that is both beautiful and functional
가우디는 자연이 지닌 형태의 우월성을 인지했기 때문에 그는 아름답고 기능적 건물을 설계할 수 있었습니다.
A Lesson from Insects
곤충들로부터의 교훈
The Eastgate Centre is an office building and shopping complex in Harare, Zimbabwe.
Eastgate Centre는 짐바브웨의 하라레에 있는 사무실 건물이자 쇼핑 단지입니다.
Built in 1996, it might not be as visually impressive as the Sagrada Familia.
1996년에 지어진 이 건물은 Sagrada Familia만큼 시각적으로 인상적이지는 않을 수도 있습니다.
However, the building is an excellent example of biomimicry.
하지만 그 건물은 자연 모방 (기술)을 보여주는 훌륭한 예시입니다.
Due to the hot climate of Harare, air conditioning systems can be very costly to install, run, and maintain.
하라레의 뜨거운 기후 때문에 냉방 장치를 설치하고, 작동시키고, 유지하는 것이 매우 비쌀 수 있습니다.
To solve this problem, the building's architect, Mick Pearce, turned to *termite mounds for an alternative.
이 문제를 해결하기 위해 이 건물의 건축가인 Mick Pearce는 대안을 찾기 위해 흰개미집에 눈을 돌렸습니다.
Termite mounds are large structures built by certain termite species.
흰개미집은 특정 흰개미 종에 의해 지어진 큰 구조물입니다.
Scientists believe that the mounds stay cool due to a constant flow of air.
과학자들은 흰개미집이 끊임없는 공기의 흐름 때문에 시원하게 유지된다고 믿습니다.
Each mound has a network of holes referred to as chimneys.
각각의 집에는 굴뚝이라고 일컬어지는 구멍들이 망처럼 연결되어 있습니다.
It has a large central chimney and smaller outer chimneys that are close to the ground.
중앙에 큰 굴뚝이 있고 지면 가까이에는 더 작은 외부 굴뚝들이 있습니다.
The heat generated by the daily activity of the termites rises up through the central chimney, eventually escaping through the top of the mound.
흰개미의 일상 활동으로 인해 생기는 열은 중앙 굴뚝을 통해 위로 올라가 결국에는 흰개미집 꼭대기를 통해 빠져나갑니다.
In the meantime, cooler air is pulled in through the smaller chimneys, keeping the termites' home at a comfortable temperature during the hot day.
그러는 사이, 더 시원한 공기가 더 작은 굴뚝들을 통해 들어오고 뜨거운 낮 동안에 흰개미의 집을 쾌적한 온도로 유지시켜줍니다.
Also, the soil surrounding the mound absorbs heat in the hot daytime hours.
또한, 흰개미집을 둘러싸고 있는 흙은 뜨거운 낮 동안 열을 흡수합니다.
Therefore, the temperature inside the mound does not increase greatly and stays relatively cool.
그래서 흰개미집 안의 온도는 크게 올라가지 않고 비교적 서늘하게 유지합니다.
At night, when the outside temperature goes down, the heat is finally released.
밤에 바깥 온도가 내려가면 마침내 열은 방출됩니다.
This process inspired Pearce to design an innovative climate control system.
이 과정은 Pearce로 하여금 혁신적인 온도 조절 시스템을 고안해 내도록 영감을 주었습니다.
The Eastgate Centre was constructed without a conventional cooling system.
Eastgate Centre는 전형적인 냉방 시스템 없이 건설됐습니다.
Instead, Pearce used building materials that can store large amounts of heat.
대신 Pearce는 많은 양의 열기를 저장할 수 있는 건축 자재를 사용했습니다.
The floors and walls of the building absorb heat during the day, just like the soil of a termite mound.
건물의 바닥과 벽은 흰개미집의 흙처럼 낮 동안 열을 흡수합니다.
The heat is released at night, and the walls cool down, ready to store heat again by the next morning.
그 열이 밤에 방출되면 벽은 선선해지고 다음 날 아침쯤 다시 열을 저장할 준비가 됩니다.
The structure of the building also helps keep the building cool.
건물의 구조 또한 건물이 서늘하게 유지되는 데 도움이 됩니다.
There are openings near the base of the building, and outside air comes into the building through them.
건물의 바닥 근처에 열린 공간이 있는데, 바깥 공기가 그곳을 통해 건물 안으로 들어옵니다.
This air is moved through the building by a system of automatic fans.
이 공기는 자동 팬 장치에 의해 건물을 통과하여 이동합니다.
Eventually, the air, along with heat generated by human activity during the day, rises upward through the building's internal open spaces and is released through chimneys on the roof.
결국에는, 이 공기는 낮 동안 사람들의 활동으로 인해 생기는 열기와 함께 건물 내부의 열린 공간을 통해 위로 올라가서 지붕에 있는 굴뚝을 통해 빠져나가게 됩니다.
As a result, the building has not only cool temperatures but also fresh air.
그 결과로, 건물은 시원한 온도 뿐만 아니라 신선한 공기 또한 가지게 됩니다.
More importantly, the Eastgate Centre uses far less energy than other buildings, which saves money and helps protect the environment from pollution.
더 중요한 점은, Eastgate Centre가 다른 건물들보다 훨씬 더 적은 에너지를 사용해 돈을 절약하고, 오염으로부터 환경을 보호하는 데 도움을 준다는 점입니다.
Without the inspiration Pearce received from tiny termites, none of this would have been possible.
Pearce가 작은 흰개미에게서 받은 영감이 없었더라면, 이 어떤 것도 가능하지 않았을 것입니다.
Using biomimicry in architecture is just one way that humans are utilizing the lessons of nature to improve the way we do things.
건축에서 자연 모방 (기술)을 사용하는 것은 인간이 무언가를 하는 방식을 향상시키는 데 자연의 가르침을 이용하고 있는 한 가지 방식에 불과합니다.
Biomimicry is also being used to solve problems in the fields of robotics, agriculture, and many others.
자연 모방 (기술)은 또한 로봇공학, 농업, 그리고 많은 다른 분야에서 문제점들을 해결하기 위해 사용되고 있습니다.
Imitating the ideas of nature not only helps solve problems, but it also makes us feel closer to nature.
자연의 아이디어를 모방하는 것은 문제를 해결하도록 도와줄 뿐만 아니라, 우리가 자연을 더 가깝게 느끼도록 해 줍니다.
As a result, humans are more likely to stop destroying the environment and start becoming part of it instead.
그 결과, 인간은 환경을 파괴하는 것을 멈추고 그 대신 환경의 일부가 되기 시작할 가능성이 더 커집니다.
Yunju, a high school student, went to a Korean art exhibition.
She wrote a report about her experience to share with her class.
Last week, I (had visited/visited) an exhibition of artwork and ancient items (selected/selecting) from the Kansong Art Museum’s collection.
The exhibition included information about the man who gathered all of the artwork displayed there.
(가. His name was Jeon Hyeongpil, but he is better known to his pen name, Kansong.)
He was born into a rich family in 1906 and lived through the Japanese occupation of Korea.
At the age of 24, he inherited a massive fortune.
After (careful/carefully) thinking about what he could do for his country, he decided to use the money to protect Korea’s cultural heritage from the Japanese.
This decision was greatly influenced by his mentor, Oh Sechang, who was an independence activist and had keen insight into Korean art.
With Oh’s guidance and his own convictions, Kansong devoted most of his fortune to (acquire/acquiring) old books, paintings, and other works of art.
He considered these items the pride of the nation and believed they represented the national spirit.
Without his actions, they (나. 그것들은 파괴되었거나) or taken overseas.
1. 윗 글의 내용과 일치하지 않는 것은?
(1) 윤주는 반 친구들과 공유하려고 그녀의 경험을 보고서로 썼다.
(2) 윤주는 간송미술관에 갔는데 그 미술품을 모은 사람은 전형필이다.
(3) 전형필은 1906년 부잣집에 태어났고 일제강점기를 겪고,그 후 재산상속을 많이 받았다.
(4) 간송이라 알려진 전형필은 그 스승인 오세창의 영향을 많이 받았다.
(5) 오세창의 지도로 간송은 많은 다른사람들의 도움을 받아서 미술품, 책들을 수집하였다.
2. 윗 글의 둘 중 옳은 것을 선택하세요.
3. (가)문장에서 틀린 부분을 찾아 고치시오.
4. (나. 그것들은 파괴되었거나) 를 영어로 고치세요.
____________ _______________ ____________________
[5-8] 다음을 읽고 물음에 답하시오.
As soon as I walked in, I (A. __________ _______ _________ __________ ) admire some ink-andwater paintings by Jeong Seon, a famous Korean artist also known as Gyeomjae.
These paintings were kept in an album called the Haeak jeonsincheop.
They depict the beautiful scenery of Geumgangsan Mountain and its surrounding areas.
(B. The way Gyeomjae painting the mountains, rivers, and valleys make them look very inviting.)
I was shocked when the museum tour guide said that the album was almost burned as kindling.
Fortunately, it was rescued at the last minute and later purchased by Kansong.
(C. Know) that these beautiful paintings were nearly turned to ashes made me feel very sad.
I am thankful (D. that) these paintings are still around so that future generations can also appreciate them.
5. (A)의 밑줄은 (~할 수 밖엔 없었다) 라는 뜻인데 영어로 쓰세요.
6. (B)문장의 잘못된 부분 2군데를 찾아서 고쳐 쓰세요.
7. (C. Know)의 알맞은 형태로 고쳐쓰세요.
8. (D. that)과 같은 용법으로 쓰인 문장은?
(1) That man is not a member of our commitee.
(2) This matter is not that urgent.
(3) We didn't drink coffee so that we can go to bed on time.
(4) She decided to donate her car that her mom used to drive.
(5) We are so sorry that we thought it was your fault.
[9-12] 다음을 읽고 물음에 답하시오.
Finally, I saw the one item in the museum that I will never forget – an original copy of the Hunminjeongeum Haerye.
This ancient book was written in 1446, and it explains the ideas and principles behind the creation of Hangeul, the writing system of the Korean language.
(가. It found in Andong in 1940. At that time, however, Korea still occupied by Japan.)
The Japanese colonial government intended to get rid of the Korean language.
Schools were forbidden to teach lessons in Korean, and scholars who studied Korean were arrested.
From the moment he heard that the (a. Hunminjeongeum Haerye) (나. ____ _______ ______________), Kansong couldn’t stop thinking about it.
He knew he had to protect (b. it) at all costs. After years of waiting, he was finally able to obtain (c. the book).
(다. He purchased it at ten times the price the owner was asked and carefully hidden (d. it) in his house.)
When the Japanese were finally defeated, he was able to share it with the rest of Korea.
The guide said that the Hunminjeongeum Haerye is the museum’s most precious treasure.
Without it, (e. the origins) and fundamentals of Hangeul would have been lost to history.
9. (가)문장에서 틀린 곳 2군데를 찾아 고치세요.
10. (나)의 빈칸을 채우세요. (힌트:발견하다)
11. (다) 문장에서 틀린 곳 2군데를 찾아 고치세요.
12. (a-e) 중 가리키는 것이 다른 하나는?
[13-17] 다음을 읽고 물음에 답하시오.
It has since been (designated/designating) a National Treasure of Korea and included in the UNESCO Memory of the World Register.
Looking at the ancient book, I could feel Kansong’s strong commitment to (preserve/preserving) Korean history
(가) Standing in the middle of the exhibition hall, surrounded by Korean art, I could notstop thinking about (a. Kansong).
He was an amazing person. (b. He) did not collect art for his personal enjoyment.
He did it (to protect/protecting) Korea’s cultural identity during the harsh Japanese colonial period.
After Korea regained its independence, (c. he) stopped collecting art, as he knew it would safely remain in Korea.
(While/During) our country’s worst time, (d. a single man) was able to defend Korea’s national spirit and pride.
(나. Thanks for him, we are still able to experience an essential part of Korean culture today.)
(다. Find) in 1938, the Kansong Art Museum was Korea’s first private museum.
When Kansong built it, he named it (e. Bohwagak).
He used the building as a place to store all of the important cultural items he (collected/had collected) over the years.
Kansong died in 1962, and Bohwagak was renamed the Kansong Art Museum in 1966.
It now holds about 5,000 items, including 12 Korean National Treasures.
13. (a-e) 중에 다른 하나는?
14. (가)의 쓰임과 같은 2가지를 고르세요.
(1) His goal is collecting all the missing items.
(2) She was able to finish assignment watching movies.
(3) Travelling to the U.S. was his dream.
(4) Cleaning his place rapidly, he went out for dinner.
(5) He helped his friend in some developing countries.
