초등 중등 고등 영어 자료실

[ Gateway ]

Industrial capitalism not only created work, it also created ‘leisure’ in the modern sense of the term. 

산업 자본주의는 일거리를 만들어 냈을 뿐만 아니라, 그 말의 현대적 의미로의 ‘여가’도 또한 만들어 냈다. 

This might seem surprising, for the early cotton masters wanted to keep their machinery running  as long as possible and forced their employees to work very long hours. 

이것은 놀라운 것으로 보일 수 있는데, 초기의 목화 농장주들은 자신들의 기계를 가능한 한 오랫동안 가동하기를                                       원했고, 자신들의 일꾼들에게 매우 오랜 시간을 일하도록 강요했기 때문이다. 

However, by requiring  continuous work during work hours and ruling out non work activity, employers  had separated out leisure from work. 

하지만 근무 시간 동안 지속적인 일을 요구하고 비업무 활동을 배제함으로써 고용주들은 여가를 업무와 분리했다. 

Some did this quite explicitly by creating distinct holiday periods, when factories were shut down,  because it was better to do this than have work disrupted by the casual taking of days off. 

어떤 사람들은 별도의 휴가 기간을 만듦으로써 이 일을 매우 명시적으로 했는데, 이때는 공장이 문을 닫았고,                                            그 이유는 이렇게 하는 것이 그때그때 휴가를 내는 것에 의해 일을 중단시키는 것보다 더 나았기 때문이었다. 

‘Leisure’ as a distinct non-work time, whether in the form of the holiday, weekend, or evening,  was a result of the disciplined and bounded work time created by capitalist production. 

휴일의 형태이든, 주말의 형태이든, 혹은 저녁이라는 형태이든, 일하지 않는 별도의 기간으로서의 ‘여가’는                                                자본주의 생산으로 만들어진 통제되고 제한된 근로 시간의 결과였다. 

Workers then wanted more leisure and leisure time was enlarged by union campaigns, which first  started in the cotton industry, and eventually new laws were passed that limited the hours of work  and gave workers holiday entitlements. 

그 후 노동자들은 더 많은 여가를 원했고, 여가 시간은 노동조합 운동에 의해 확대되었는데, 이 일은 면화 산업에서                                맨 처음 시작되었고, 결국 노동 시간을 제한하고 노동자들에게 휴가의 권리가 있는 것들을 주는 새로운 법이 통과되었다. 

Leisure was also the creation of capitalism in another sense, through the commercialization of leisure. 

다른 의미에서 여가는 또한 여가의 상업화를 통한 자본주의의 창조였다. 

This no longer meant participation in traditional sports and pastimes. 

이것은 더 이상 전통적인 스포츠와 여가 활동에의 참여를 의미하지 않았다. 

Workers began to pay for leisure activities organized by capitalist enterprises. 

노동자들은 자본주의 기업이 조직한 여가 활동에 돈을 지불하기 시작했다. 

Mass travel to spectator sports, especially football and horse-racing, where people could be charged  for entry, was now possible. 

사람들에게 입장료를 받을 수 있는 관중 스포츠, 특히 축구와 경마로의 대중의 이동이 이제는 가능했다. 

The importance of this can hardly be exaggerated, for whole new industries were emerging to exploit and  develop the leisure market, which was to become a huge source of consumer demand, employment, and profit.

이것의 중요성은 아무리 강조해도 지나치지 않는데, 왜냐하면 완전히 새로운 산업이 출현해서 레저 시장을 개발하고                                 발전시키고 있었기 때문이었으며, 그 시장은 나중에 소비자의 수요, 고용, 그리고 이익의 거대한 원천이 될 것이었다.

어법선택

Industrial capitalism not only (created/creating) work, it also created ‘leisure’ in the modern sense of the term.  This might seem surprising, for the early cotton masters wanted to keep their machinery (run/running) as long as possible  and forced their employees to work very long hours. However, by requiring continuous work (while/during) work hours and  ruling out non-work activity, employers had (been separated/separated) out leisure from work. Some did this quite (explicit/explicitly) by  creating distinct holiday periods, when factories were shut down, because it was better  to do this than have work (disrupt/disrupted) by the casual taking of days off. ‘Leisure’ as a distinct non-work time, whether  in the form of the holiday,  weekend, (and/or) evening, was a result of the disciplined and bounded work time (creating/created) by  capitalist production.  Workers then wanted more leisure and leisure time was (enlarging/enlarged)  by union campaigns, (where/which) first started in the cotton industry, and eventually new laws were passed that limited  the hours of work and gave  workers holiday entitlements. Leisure was also the creation of capitalism in another sense,  through the commercialization  of leisure. This no longer meant participation in traditional sports and pastimes.  Workers began to pay for leisure activities (organizing/organized by) capitalist enterprises. Mass travel to spectator sports,  especially football and horse-racing, where people  could be charged for entry, (being/was) now possible. The importance  of this can hardly be exaggerated, for whole new industries  were emerging (to exploit/exploiting) and develop  the leisure market, (which/what) was to become a huge source of consumer demand,  employment, and profit.

16강 Exercise 01-02

Once you have defined what success looks like for you and have begun to design it, next comes the work. 

일단 여러분이 성공이 여러분에게 어떤 것인지 정의하고 그것을 디자인하기 시작했으면, 그 다음은 일이 따른다. 

There’s no substitute for hard work; we all have to roll up our sleeves and take the stairs to get to that floor        we’re going after. 

각고의 노력을 대체할 만한 것은 없으며 우리는 모두 소매를 걷어 올리고, 우리가 가고자 하는 층으로 가기 위해 계단을 올라가야 한다. 

The Roman philosopher Seneca once said, “Luck is what happens when preparation meets opportunity.” 

로마의 철학자 Seneca는 “행운은 준비가 기회를 만날 때 생기는 것이다”라고 언젠가 말하였다. 

The preparation is the work, and the opportunity will find us when we are truly ready to work and make it ours.

준비는 일이며, 우리가 일하고 그것을[기회를] 우리의 것으로 만들 준비가 진정으로 되었을 때 기회는 우리를 찾을 것이다. 

While some get caught up in wishful thinking, visualizations, and acting as if they already have it, the one thing that  glues the whole process together is putting in the elbow grease. 

어떤 이들은 희망 사항, 구상화, 그리고 자기들이 이미 그것을 가지고 있는 것처럼 행동하는 것에 사로잡혀 있지만, 전체적인 과정을            함께 접착시키는 한 가지는 피땀[힘든 노동]을 쏟는 것이다. 

A gardener can’t just wish for a beautiful garden and one suddenly appears; 

정원사가 그저 아름다운 정원을 원한다고 해서 갑자기 정원이 나타나는 것은 아니다. 

she has to choose the seed, pick the place, clear the ground, dig the holes, plant the seed, water it, add mulch,  and repeat these steps over and over again if she  wants to experience that beautiful healthy garden in the flesh. 

만약 그녀가 그 아름답고 건강한 정원을 실물로 경험하고 싶다면, 씨앗을 고르고, 장소를 고르고, 땅을 개간하고, 구멍을 파고,                    씨앗을 심고, 물을 주고, 뿌리 덮개를 더해주고 이 단계를 거듭 반복해야 한다. 

Similarly, if you want to live a full, adventurous, abundant, joy-filled, and loving life, it’s going to take work. 

마찬가지로, 만약 여러분이 완전하고, 모험적이고, 풍부하고, 기쁨으로 가득 차고, 사랑스런 삶을 살고 싶다면, 일을 해야 할 것이다. 

Trust that there  will be setbacks and temporary bumps along the journey, but they’re nature’s way of  strengthening us to be ready for what it is we’re working toward.

그 어려운 과정에는 차질과 일시적인 방해물이 있을 테지만 그것들은 우리가 얻으려고 노력하는 바로 그것을 준비할 수                              있도록 우리를 더 튼튼하게 하는 자연의 방식이라는 것을 믿어라.

어법선택

Once you have defined (that/what) success looks like for you and (began/have begun) to design it, next                comes the work. There’s no substitute for hard work; we all have to roll up our sleeves and (taking/take)                    the stairs to get to that floor we’re going after. The Roman philosopher Seneca once said, “Luck is (that/what)                  happens (what/when) preparation meets opportunity.” The preparation is the work, and the opportunity                      will find us when we are (true/truly) ready to work and make it ours. (During/While) some get caught up in         wishful thinking, visualizations, and acting (as if/if) they already have it, the one thing that glues the whole    process together is (put/putting) in the elbow grease. A gardener can’t just wish (to/for) a beautiful garden and  one suddenly appears; she has to choose the seed, pick the place, clear the ground, dig the holes, plant  the seed, water it, add mulch, and repeat these steps over and over again (though/if) she wants to experience that  beautiful healthy garden in the flesh. Similarly, if you want to live a full,  adventurous, abundant, joy (filling/filled), and loving life, it’s going to take work. (Trusting/Trust) that there will be setbacks and  temporary bumps along the journey, but they’re nature’s way of strengthening (to us/us) to be ready for what  it is we’re working toward. 

16강 Exercise 03-04

Our tendency to overlook habit can be explained by one aspect of habit itself: the way in which familiarity and  repetition dull our senses. 

습관을 간과하는 우리의 성향은 습관 그 자체의 한 측면에 의해 설명될 수 있는데, 그것은 친숙함과 반복이 우리의 감각을                          둔하게 만드는 방식이다.

Marcel Proust describes habit as a ‘heavy curtain’ which ‘conceals from us almost the whole universe, and  prevents us from knowing ourselves.’ 

Marcel Proust는 습관을 ‘우리로부터 거의 전 우주를 감추고 우리가 우리 자신을 아는 것을 막는’ ‘두꺼운 커튼’으로 묘사한다. 

Not only this: habit ‘cuts off from things which we  have witnessed a number of times the root of profound  impression and of thought which gives them their real meaning.’ 

이뿐만 아니라, 습관은 ‘우리가 몇 번이고 목격한 것들로부터 그것들에게 진정한 의미를 부여해 주는 심오한 인상과 사고의                        근원을 차단한다’. 

Proust realized that an artist has to draw back, or tear open, this curtain of habit, so that the most  familiar features of  our world become visible, meaningful, and cause for wonder. 

Proust는 예술가는 우리 세상의 가장 친숙한 특징들이 눈에 보이고, 유의미해지고, 경탄의 원인이 될 수 있도록 이 습관이라는                   커튼을 걷어 내거나 뜯어내어야 한다는 것을 인지하였다. 

But this is also the philosopher’s task. 

그러나 이것은 또한 철학자의 일이기도 하다.

Although it is often said — quoting Plato or Aristotle — that philosophy begins with wonder, the wondering  state of mind is only reached by first penetrating the heavy curtain of habit. 

 비록 플라톤이나 아리스토텔레스의 말을 인용하여 철학은 경탄으로 시작한다고 자주 이야기되지만, 경탄하는 마음의                                상태는 오로지 습관이라는 두꺼운 커튼을 우선 뚫고 들어가야만 도달할 수 있다. 

So habit is a uniquely philosophical issue, and it is also an important and profound feature of ordinary life. 

그래서 습관은 특히 철학적인 주제이고, 또한 일상생활의 중요하고 심오한 특징이기도 하다.

A few European philosophers have gone so far as to  claim, like many teachers in the Buddhist tradition, that habit  provides ‘an answer to theproblem of the self’, that our continuing identity through time and change is produced  by the tenacity of habit. 

 몇몇 유럽의 철학자들은 불교 전통의 많은 스승들과 마찬가지로 습관은 ‘자신의 문제에 대한 해답’을 제공해 주고,                                     시간과 변화를 거쳐 지속되는 우리의 정체성은 습관의 완강함에 의해 만들어진다고 주장하기까지 했다. 

If this is true — and perhaps  even if it is not quite true — thenhabit’s ambiguity and uncertainty belong to the  mystery of human selfhood. 

만약 이것이 사실이라면, 그리고 혹시 만약 그것이 완전히 사실이 아니라 해도, 습관의 애매모호함과 불명확함은                                       인간의 개성이라는 불가사의에 속한다. 

The question of habit may be inseparable from our hardest, deepest, most insistent question: 

습관의[습관이라는] 문제는 우리의 가장 어렵고, 깊고, 가장 끈질긴 문제, 

who are we? who am I?

즉 ‘우리는 과연 누구인가?’와 ‘나는 과연 누구인가?’와 분리될 수 없을 것이다.

어법선택

 Our tendency to (be overlooked/overlook) habit can be explained by one aspect of habit itself: the way                           (in which/of which) familiarity and repetition dull our senses. Marcel Proust describes habit as a ‘heavy curtain’                      (where/which) ‘conceals from us almost the whole universe, and (prevented/prevents) us from knowing                        ourselves.’  Not only this: habit ‘cuts off from things (what/which) we have witnessed a number of times the root of  profound impression and of thought (how/which) gives them their real meaning.’ Proust realized that an  artist has to draw back, or (torn/tear) open, this curtain of habit, (because/so that) the most familiar features of  our world become visible, meaningful, and cause for wonder. But this is also the philosopher’s task.  Although it is often said — quoting Plato or Aristotle — (what/that) philosophy begins with wonder,  the wondering state of mind is only (reached by/reaching) first penetrating the heavy curtain of habit.  
  So habit is a (uniquely/unique) philosophical issue, and it is also an important and profound feature of  ordinary life. A few European philosophers have (gone/been gone) so far as to claim, like many teachers in the  Buddhist tradition, that habit provides ‘an answer to theproblem of the self’, that our continuing  identity through time and change (is produced by/produces) the tenacity of habit. If this is true — and perhaps            (even if/as if) it is not quite true — thenhabit’s ambiguity and uncertainty belong (for/to) the mystery of  human selfhood. The question of habit may be inseparable from our hardest, deepest, most insistent  question: who are we? who am I?

16강 Exercise 05-06

Children love to please their parents. 

어린이들은 부모를 기쁘게 하는 것을 좋아한다.

They constantly seek attention, affirmation, and acceptance. 

그들은 끊임없이 관심, 지지, 동의를 구한다. 

The little boy who is not satisfied with merely riding his bicycle for his mom shows off by riding past  the front yard with both hands in the air, “Look, Mom, no hands.” 

엄마를 위해 단지 자전거를 타는 것에 만족하지 못하는 어린 소년은 두 손을 공중에 들고 자전거를 타고 앞마당을                                      지나며 “봐요, 엄마, 손을 놨어요.”라고 자랑한다.

One more achievement, one more  accomplishment, and still another opportunity to impress a significant other.    

어떤 중요한 다른 사람에게 감명을 주기 위해 또 하나의 성취, 또 하나의 업적, 그리고 거기에 또 하나의 기회가 필요한 것이다. 

The burden to please or impress others can be overwhelming. 

다른 사람들을 기쁘게 하거나 감동하게 하려는 부담감은 불가항력적일 수 있다. 

It can cause us to mortgage our lives  to the limit and compromise our self-worth in the process. 

그것은 우리가 극단적으로 목숨을 걸고 달려들게 하고 그 과정에서 우리의 자아 존중감을 위태롭게 할 수 있다. 

Peoplepleasing is the opposite of the self-sabotaging behavior coming from the thought that others should        make you happy. 

사람을 즐겁게 하는 것은 다른 사람들이 마땅히 ‘여러분을’ 행복하게 해야 한다는 생각에서 나오는 자기 태만 행위의 정반대이다. 

If you believe that your job in life is to make others happy or at least to impress them, you suffer from the  attitudes and behaviors of always trying to please others. 

만약 여러분이 다른 사람들을 행복하게 하거나 최소한 그들을 감동하게 하는 것이 인생에서 할 일이라고 생각한다면,                                여러분은 항상 다른 사람들을 기쁘게 하려고 노력하는 태도와 행동들로 고통받게 된다. 

If at first you do not accomplish this, you try longer and harder. 

여러분이 처음에 이를 해내지 못한다면, 여러분은 더 오래 그리고 더 열심히 애쓰게 된다. 

Then if you get unsatisfactory responses, you become frustrated and even depressed. 

그리고 만약 여러분이 불만족스러운 반응을 얻는다면, 여러분은 좌절하고 심지어 우울해진다.

You shoulder the negative emotions of others, as if you are able to flip the inner switch that is under their control. 

여러분은 마치 그들의 통제 하에 있는 내면의 스위치를 여러분이 켤 수 있는 것처럼 다른 사람들의 부정적인 감정을 떠맡게 된다. 

The inability to control the attitudes and behaviors of others is enough to drive a people-pleaser insane. 

다른 사람들의 태도와 행동을 통제할 수 없다는 것은 사람들을 기쁘게 하려는 사람을 제정신이 아니게 만들 정도이다. 

The need to make people happy appears selfless, but it destines a person to a life filled with anxiety and disappointment.

  사람들을 행복하게 하려는 욕구는 이타적으로 보이지만, 그것은 한 개인을 불안과 실망으로 가득한 삶으로 운명 짓는다.

어법선택

Children love to please their parents. They (constantly/temporarily) seek attention, affirmation, and                              acceptance. The little boy who is not satisfied with (mere/merely) riding his bicycle for his mom shows                off by riding past  the front yard with both hands in the air, “Look, Mom, no hands.” One more achievement,                  one more accomplishment, and still another opportunity to (be impressed by/impress) a significant other. 
  The burden to please or impress others can be (overwhelming/overwhelmed). It can cause us to mortgage                      our lives  to the limit and (compromises/compromise) our self-worth in the process. Peoplepleasing is the opposite          of the self-sabotaging behavior (came/coming) from the thought that others should make you happy. If you believe that  your job in life is to make others happy or at least to impress them, you suffer from the attitudes and  behaviors of always (trying/being tried) to please others. If at first you do not accomplish this, you try longer and harder.  Then if you get unsatisfactory responses, you become (frustrating/frustrated) and even (depressing/depressed).          You shoulder the negative emotions of others, (even if/as if) you are able to flip the inner switch (what/that) is under their control. The inability to control the attitudes and behaviors of others (are/is) enough to drive a people-pleaser  insane. The need to make people happy appears selfless, but it destines a person to a life (filling/filled) with  anxiety and disappointment.

16강 Exercise 07-08

Because plants are such marvelously adaptable creatures, they can maximize their ability to survive and  thrive in almost any condition. 

식물은 매우 놀라울 만큼 쉽게 적응하는 생물이기 때문에, 거의 모든 조건에서 생존하고 번성하는 능력을 극대화할 수 있다. 

Since they must make their own food, which requires light during  photosynthesis, they must have some  sort of mechanism to collect and trap the light they need; i.e.,  they need solar collectors. 

그들은 광합성을 하는 동안 빛이 필요한 자기 자신의 영양물을 만들어야 하기 때문에, 자신에게 필요한 빛을 모아 가두어                           놓는 일종의 작용 원리[기작]를 가지고 있어야 하는데, 즉 그들에게는 태양 에너지 수집기가 필요하다. 

When man-made solar collectors are positioned on the roofs of buildings, they are positioned such that  they face the direction from which they can collect the most light possible. 

인간이 만든 태양 에너지 수집기가 건물 지붕에 배치될 때, 그것들은 가능한 한 가장 많은 햇빛을 모을 수 있는 방향을                                향하도록 그렇게 배치된다. 

Usually they are positioned facing south so that they can collect light all day long as the sun moves from  east to west across the south sky. 

태양이 남쪽 하늘을 가로질러 동쪽에서 서쪽으로 이동하기 때문에, 그것들은 하루 종일 햇빛을 모을 수 있도록 대개                                  남쪽을 향해 배치된다. 

The positions are usually fixed. 

그 위치는 대개 고정되어 있다.

Elaborate systems may be electronically controlled to move with the sun facing south east in morning hours  and slowly moving to face south west as the day progresses. 

정교한 장치는 전자적으로 제어되어 태양과 함께 움직여서 아침 시간에는 남동쪽을 향하고, 하루가 지나면서 천천히                                  움직여 남서쪽을 향할 수 있다.

Grana in plant cells move much like the electronically controlled solar panels, orienting themselves to  maximize light collection in shady areas and to minimize light collection in bright sunny areas. 

 식물 세포 속의 그라나는 전자적으로 제어되는 그 태양 전지판과 매우 흡사하게 움직여서, 그늘진 지역에서는 햇빛 수집을                         극대화하고 햇빛이 잘 드는 밝은 지역에서는 햇빛 수집을 최소화하기 위해 자신의 방향을 정한다. 

Leaves of trees which are growing on the outermost branches where light is abundant, have a morphology  designed to lessen the intensity and have grana in vertical stacks. 

햇빛이 풍부한 가장 바깥쪽 가지에서 자라나고 있는 나뭇잎은 강도를 줄이게 고안된 구조를 가지고, 수직으로 포개진 그라나를 가진다.

On the other hand, interior leaves which receive only filtered light may have grana which are in horizontal stacks.

 반면에 여과된 햇빛만 받게 되는 안쪽의 잎은 수평으로 포개진 그라나를 가질 수 있다.

어법선택

(Altough/Because) plants are such marvelously adaptable creatures, they can maximize their ability to survive and (thrive/thriving) in almost any condition. Since they must make their own food, (how/which) requires light  during photosynthesis, they must have some sort of mechanism to collect and (trap/trapped) the light they need;  i.e., they need solar collectors. When man-made solar collectors are positioned on the roofs of buildings,  they     (are positioned/position) such that they face the direction from which they can collect the most light possible.            Usually they (are positioned/position) facing south so that they can collect light all day long as the sun moves  from east to west across the south sky. The positions are usually (unfixed/fixed). Elaborate systems may be  electronically controlled to move with the sun facing south east in morning hours and slowly (moving/moved)  to face south west as the day progresses. Grana in plant cells move much like the electronically  controlled solar panels, (orienting/oriented) themselves to maximize light collection in shady areas and (to minimize/minimizing)  light collection in bright sunny areas. Leaves of trees which are (grown/growing) on the outermost branches  where light is abundant, (having/have) a morphology designed to lessen the intensity and have grana in vertical stacks.  On the other hand, interior leaves (where/which) receive only filtered light may have grana which are in horizontal stacks.

[1-5] 다음을 읽고 물음에 답하시오.

Nature is all around us.

It impresses us (  A   ) its beauty and supplies us (   B    ) everything we need to survive.

It also provides some people (    C    ) the inspiration to create things in a new way.

The act of creating things based on nature (가. call) "biomimicry."

This term is derived from the Greek words bios, meaning "life," and mimesis, meaning "imitation."

Architects who use biomimicry (나. look) at nature as an incredibly successful engineer who has already (다. come) up  with answers to some of the problems they now face.

They carefully study plants, animals, and other aspects of nature to learn how they work.

(      라     ), they have been able to find some innovative solutions to engineering and architectural challenges.

1. (A - C) 에 공통으로 들어갈 단어는?

(1) on  (2) to  (3) for  (4) with  (5) in

2. 가. call 을 알맞은 형태를 쓰세요.

3. 나. look의 알맞은 형태를 쓰세요.

4. 다. come 의 알맞은 형태를 쓰세요.

5. 라에 들어갈 알맞은 말은?

(1) As a result (2) Because  (3) Although (4) In addition to (5) However 

[6-10] 다음을 읽고 물음에 답하시오.

a. The Sagrada Familia is an enormous church in Barcelona, Spain.

[가. Design by the world-famous architect Antoni Gaudi, b. the church is one of the most prominent building in the world.]

Construction of this remarkable building began in 1882, and Gaudi took over responsibility for c. its design in 1883.

Believe it or not, the building is still under construction.

Some people love the Sagrada Familia and others hate d. it, but nearly everyone is fascinated by its e. unique design.

Gaudi believed that all architects should look to nature for inspiration.

This preference can be seen in all his buildings, including the Sagrada Familia.

He preferred the curves found in natural objects to the straight lines found in artificial ones.

Many parts of the church incorporate images and forms from nature.

For example, the church's spires are topped with spheres that resemble fruits.

There are also turtles carved into the stone bases of columns and spiral stairs that resemble the shells of sea creatures.

Perhaps the most impressive feature of the Sagrada Familia is the ceiling.

Gaudi designed the columns inside the church to resemble trees and branches, so visitors who look up can feel                             (  나 ) they were standing in a great forest.

The light that comes through the small holes all over the ceiling even resembles the light (beaming/beam) through leaves in a forest.

These tree-like columns are not just for decoration, though.

Inspired by trees, Gaudi gave the columns a single base that (splits/split) off into branches near the top.

This allows them (to support/supporting) the roof better by distributing its weight evenly.

Because Gaudi recognized the superiority of natural forms, he was able to design a building that is both beautiful 

and functional.

6. 가 문장에서 2군데 틀린 곳을 찾아 고치시오.

7. a- e 중에 다른 하나는?

8. (나)에 들어갈 알맞은 말은?

(1) as if   (2) as  (3) Because  (4) So  (5) Since 

9. 괄호 안에 둘 중 하나를 선택하세요.

10. 윗 글의 내용과 일치하지 않는 것은?

(1) 가우디는 모든 건축가들이 자연으로부터 영감을 받아야 한다고 생각했다.

(2) 가우디는 직선보다는 곡선을 추구했다.

(3) 성당의 첨탑에는 과일 닮은 구가 있다.

(4) 가우디는 기둥에 지붕의 무게가 잘 지탱할 수 있게 만들었다.

(5) 가우디는 자연으로부터 영감받아 적용했으나 인공물이 더 우월하다 생각했다.

[11-15] 다음을 읽고 물음에 답하시오.

The Eastgate Centre is an office building and shopping complex in Harare, Zimbabwe.

(가. Build) in 1996, it might not be as visually impressive as the Sagrada Familia.

However, the building is an excellent example of biomimicry.

(  A  ) the hot climate of Harare, air conditioning systems can be very costly to install, run, and maintain.

To solve this problem, the building's architect, Mick Pearce, turned to *termite mounds for an alternative.

Termite mounds are large structures built by certain termite species.

Scientists believe that the mounds stay cool due to a constant flow of air.

Each mound has a network of holes (referred/referring) to as chimneys.

It has a large central chimney and smaller outer chimneys that are close to the ground.

The heat generated by the daily activity of the termites rises up through the central chimney,  eventually escaping through the top of the mound.

In the meantime, cooler air (나. pull) in through the smaller chimneys,  keeping the termites' home at a comfortable temperature during the hot day.

Also, the soil surrounding the mound absorbs heat in the hot daytime hours.

Therefore, the temperature inside the mound does not increase greatly and stays (relative/relatively) cool.

At night, when the outside temperature goes down, the heat is finally released.

This process inspired Pearce to design an innovative climate control system.

The Eastgate Centre (was constructed/constructed) without a conventional cooling system.

11. 가. build 를 알맞은 형태로 바꾸세요.

12. 나. pull 을 알맞은 형태로 바꾸세요.

13. ( A ) 에 들어갈 알맞은 표현은?

(1) Due to  (2) Despite of  (3) Since  (4) Addtionally (5) From

14. 괄호 안에 둘 중 올바른 것을 고르시오.

15. 윗 글의 내용과 일치하지 않는 것은?

(1) Mick Pearce는 냉방 장치가 비싸서 대안으로 흰개미집에 눈을 돌렸다.

(2) 과학자들은 흰개미집의 끊임없는 공기 흐름으로 시원함이 유지된다고 믿었다.

(3) 흰개미들은 중앙 굴뚝으로 올라가 꼭대기로 빠져나간다.

(4) 흰개미집을 둘러싼 흙이 낮동안 열을 방출해낸다.

(5) 흰개미집안의 온도가 크게 올라가지 않는다. 

[1-3] 다음을 읽고 물음에 답하시오.

(가) Six-Degrees Rise

The Earth is a beautiful blue planet.

People live ( A ) it.

It is also home ( B ) many kinds of animals and plants.

But, the temperature (  C ) the Earth is ( 나.    go      )up.

Small changes in temperature will bring about many problems.

1. (가) 문장에서 틀린 곳을 찾아 고쳐쓰시오.

2. (A -C) 에 들어갈 알맞은 말 끼리 짝지어 진것은?

(1) in - of - of   (2) on - in - of    (3) in - to - for  (4) on - to - of  (5) on - to - off

3. (나. go) 에 알맞은 형태로 고쳐 쓰시오.

[4-6] 다음을 읽고 물음에 답하시오.

The ice in the Arctic and Greenland (가. melt).

Polar bears lose their homes and cannot find food easily.

They have to move ( A ) wide areas for their food.

The sea level rises very high.

Lots of cities on the seaside sink ( B ) water.

Some islands disappear.

Many places become deserts.

The Amazon rain forests disappear.

4. (가. melt) 의 알맞은 형태로 고쳐쓰시오.

5. (A), (B) 의 알맞은 것들끼리 짝지어 진것은?

(1) across - upper   (2) across - above  (3) across - under  (4) cross - under  (5) cross - behind

6. 윗 글의 내용과 일치하지 않는 것은?

(1) 북극과 그린란드의 얼음이 녹고 있다.

(2) 북극곰들은 집을 잃고 먹이 찾기 쉽지 않는다.

(3) 해수면이 매우 높다.

(4) 해수면 상승으로 몇몇 섬들이 사라졌다.

(5) 아마존 열대우림은 사라지지 않는다. 

[7-10] 다음을 읽고 물음에 답하시오.

The Earth is like a big fireball.

Most (가. 살아 있는) things die from the heat.

Huge storms destroy everything.

People, animals, and plants cannot live in this hot place!

Isn't this (나. 무서운)?

The temperature of the Earth will (다. 상승한다) six degrees in a short time.

We have to do something.

We can 라.save the Earth.

7. (가. 살아있는) 을 올바르게 옮긴 것은?

(1) live (2) living (3) to live (4) lived (5) alive

8. (나. 무서운)을 영어로 쓰시오.

9. (다. 상승한다)를 영어로 바르게 쓴 것은?

(1) rising (2) rose (3) risen (4) rised (5) rise

10. 라.save 와 같은 뜻은?

(1) Save money, and you can buy a bag.

(2) I saved my document files.

(3) Iron man saved many people's lives.

(4) She didn't save energy.

(5) I don't have money in my saving account.

[ Gateway ] 

Biological organisms, including human societies both with and without market systems, discount           distant outputs over those  available at the present time based on risks associated with an uncertain future. 

시장 시스템이 있거나 없는 두 가지 인간 사회를 다 포함한 생물학적 유기체들은 불확실한 미래와 관련된 위험에 기초하여                        현재 이용할 수 있는 생산물보다 (시간상으로) 멀리 있는 것들을 평가 절하한다. 

As the timing of inputs and outputs varies greatly depending on the type of energy, there is a strong case to       incorporate time  when assessing energy alternatives. 

투입과 생산의 시기가 에너지 유형에 따라 크게 다르기 때문에, 대체 에너지를 평가할 때 시간을 통합하려는 강력한 사례가 있다. 

For example, the energy output from solar panels or wind power engines, where most investment happens before     they begin  producing, may need to be assessed differently when compared to most fossil fuel extraction  technologies, where a large  proportion of the energy output comes much sooner, and a larger (relative) proportion        of inputs  is applied during the extraction process, and not upfront. 

예를 들어 대부분의 투자가 생산하기 전에 발생하는 태양 전지판이나 풍력 엔진으로부터의 에너지 생산은 대부분의 화석 연료 추출 기술과 비교했을 때 다르게 평가될 필요가 있을 수 있는데, 화석 연료 추출 기술에서는 많은 비율의 에너지 생산이 훨씬 더 빨리 가능하고, 더 큰 (상대적) 비율의 투입이 추출 과정 동안에 적용되고 선행 투자되지는 않는다. 

Thus fossil fuels, particularly oil and natural gas, in addition to having energy quality advantages  (cost, storability, transportability, etc.) over many renewable technologies, also have a “temporal advantage”  after accounting for human behavioral preference for current consumption/return.

따라서 화석 연료, 특히 석유와 천연가스는 많은 재생 가능 기술보다 에너지 품질 이점(비용, 저장성, 운송 가능성 등)이                             있을 뿐만 아니라 현재의 소비/수익에 대한 인간의 행동 선호를 설명하는 것에 비추어 보면 ‘시간적 이점’도 또한 갖는다. 

어법선택

Biological organisms, (including/included) human societies both with and without market systems, discount distant outputs  over those available at the present time based on risks (associated/associating) with an uncertain future. (As/Though) the timing of inputs and outputs (varies/various) greatly (depended/depending) on the type of energy, there is a strong case to  incorporate time when (assessing/assessed) energy alternatives. For example, the energy output from solar panels or  wind power engines, (where/which) most investment happens before they begin producing, may need to be (assessed/assessing) differently (how/when) compared to most fossil fuel extraction technologies, (when/where) a large  proportion of the energy output comes much sooner, and a larger (relative) proportion of inputs is (applying/applied) during the extraction process, and not upfront. Thus fossil fuels, particularly oil and natural gas, in addition to (have/having) energy quality advantages (cost, storability, transportability, etc.) over many renewable technologies, also (having/have) a “temporal  advantage” after accounting for human (behavioral/behavior) preference for current consumption/return. 

15강 Exercise 01

또한, 노인 청취자들은 많은 휴지[멈춤] 또는 과장된 운율로 매우 느리게 말하는 것이 도움이 된다는 것을 발견하지 못했다.

Elderspeak is charcterized by several components. 

노인 언어는 몇 가지 구성 요소에 의해 특징지어진다. 

Which ones are beneficial for older adults and which ones are not helpful? 

어떤 구성 요소가 노인에게 유익하고 어떤 것이 도움이 되지 않을까? 

Kemper and Harden had older adults watch a videotape in which a speaker described a route that was also traced on a map. 

Kemper와 Harden은 노인들에게 지도상에서도 따라가게 되는 어떤 경로를 한 화자가 묘사하고 있는 비디오테이프를 시청하게 했다. 

The older adults reported that the instructions were easier to follow when the speaker reduced the grammatical  complexity and used semantic elaboration (that is, repeated and expanded upon what was said). 

노인들은 화자가 문법적 복잡성을 줄이고 의미의 상세화를 사용했을 때(즉, 발화되는 내용을 반복하고 상세히 말했을 때) 설명을 이해하기가 더 쉽다고 말하였다. 

Simpler grammar and semantic elaboration also helped older adults improve their accuracy when they had to        reproduce the  same route on a map of their own. 

더 단순한 문법과 의미의 상세화는 또한 노인들이 자신들의 지도 위에 같은 경로를 재현해야 했을 때 자신들의 정확성을 향상하는 데 도움을 주었다. 

In contrast, shortening the length of the speaker’s utterances into two- and five-word sentences did not improve                  the  older adults’ comprehension of the instructions, nor did it improve their performance when they traced                  a map of  their own. 

그에 반해서 화자의 발화 길이를 두 단어 문장과 다섯 단어 문장으로 줄이는 것은 설명에 대한 노인들의 이해를 향상하지 못했을 뿐 아니라, 그들이 자신들의 지도를 따라갈 때에도 그들의 수행을 향상하지 못했다. 

Also, the older listeners did not find that an extremely slow rate of speaking with many pauses or exaggerated         prosody was  helpful.

어법선택

Elderspeak is (characterized/characterizing) by several components. (Which/That) ones are beneficial for older adults and  (what/which) ones are not helpful? Kemper and Harden had older adults watch a videotape (to/in) which  a speaker (describing/described)  a route  that was also (tracing/traced) on a map. The older adults (reporting/reported) that the instructions were easier to follow when the speaker (reduced/reducing) the grammatical complexity and (use/used)  semantic elaboration (that is, repeated and expanded upon (what/that) was said). Simpler grammar and semantic elaboration  also helped older adults (improve/improving) their accuracy (where/when) they had to reproduce the same route on a map  of their own. In contrast, (shorten/shortening) the length of the speaker’s utterances into two- and five-word sentences  did not improve the older adults’ comprehension of the instructions, (nor/or) did it improve their performance  when they (tracing/traced) a map of their own. Also, the older listeners did not find that an extremely slow rate of speaking with many  pauses or (exaggerating/exaggerated) prosody was helpful. 

15강 Exercise 02

In one experiment, a student was required to wear an embarrassing T-shirt (one sporting a large image of Barry Manilow —  a popular singer but of low prestige among college students) before entering a room in which a group of their peers were  assembled. 

한 실험에서, 한 학생이 자기 동료 집단이 모여 있는 방에 들어가기 전에 당황스러운 티셔츠(유명한 가수이지만 대학생들 사이에서는 명성이 높지 않은 Barry Manilow의 모습을 담은 커다란 그림을 자랑스럽게 보여 주는 셔츠)를 입도록 요청을 받았다. 

The scientists noted in their paper that ‘all participants nonetheless put on the shirt, although none looked      particularly thrilled  about doing so’. 

과학자들은 자신들의 논문에서 ‘어느 누구도 그 셔츠를 입는 것에 대하여 신이 나는 것 같지는 않았지만, 그럼에도 불구하고 모든 참가자들이 그렇게 했다.’라고 언급했다. 

The wearer of the T-shirt was later asked to estimate the number of fellow students in the crowded room who definitely  discerned the face on the shirt, and this was compared with the actual number who had noticed. 

티셔츠를 입은 사람은 나중에 사람들로 붐비는 방에서 셔츠 위에 그려진 얼굴을 분명히 알아보는 동료 학생들의 수를 추정해 달라는 요청을 받았고, 이것은 실제로 알아차린 학생의 수와 비교되었다. 

In fact, the students were so consumed with their own embarrassment over wearing the clothes that they were unable to  accurately gauge how conspicuous it was to others. 

사실상, 학생들은 그 옷을 입는 것에 대한 스스로의 당혹감에 너무 영향을 받아서 그것이 다른 사람들에게 얼마나 눈에 띄는지를 정확하게  측정할 수 없었다. 

The T-shirt wearers overestimated how many others spotted the embarrassing shirt on average by a factor of two.

티셔츠를 입은 사람들은 얼마나 많은 다른 사람들이 당황스러운 티셔츠를 알아보았는지를 평균적으로 두 배나 많게 과대 추정하였다. 

어법선택

In one experiment, a student was (required/requiring) to wear an embarrassing T-shirt (one sporting a large image  of Barry Manilow  — a popular singer but of low prestige among college students) before entering a room (in/on) which  a group of their peers were (assembled/assembling). The scientists noted in their paper that ‘all participants  nonetheless (put/putting) on the shirt, although none looked particularly (thrilling/thrilled) about doing so’. The wearer of the T-shirt  was later (asking/asked) to estimate (a/the) number of fellow students in the crowded room (where/who) definitely discerned  the face on the shirt, and this was (comparing/compared) with the actual number who had noticed. In fact, the students  were so consumed with their own embarrassment over (worn/wearing) the clothes that they were unable to  (accurate/accurately) gauge how conspicuous (it was/was it) to others. The T-shirt wearers overestimated (why/how) many others  spotted the embarrassing shirt on average by a factor of two.

15강 Exercise 03

Dr. Davidson and his colleagues have shown that there is asymmetry in the prefrontal cortex reflecting our affective            style. 

Davidson 박사와 그의 동료들은 우리의 감정 양식을 반영하는 전전두엽 피질에 비대칭성이 있다는 것을 보여 주었다. 

When there is more activity in the right side of the prefrontal cortex, it correlates with negative emotions such as              worry, sadness, and anger. 

전전두엽 피질의 우측이 더 활성화되면 그것은 걱정, 슬픔, 분노 같은 부정적인 감정과 상관관계가 있다. 

If the left side is more active, we tend to be in a positive emotional state, with a sense of well-being, enthusiasm,          even joy. 

만약 (전전두엽 피질의) 좌측에 움직임이 더 많아지면, 우리는 행복감, 열정, 심지어 기쁨과 함께 긍정적인 감정 상태가 되는 경향이 있다. 

Developing a greater ability to recover, then, should show up as a shift in the relative activity between the two    sides of the prefrontal cortex: 

그렇다면, 더 큰 회복력을 생기게 하는 것은 전전두엽 피질의 양측 사이의 상대적 활동의 변화로 나타나게 된다. 

the left side ought to become more active as the right side calms down.

즉, 우측은 진정되면서 좌측이 더 움직임이 활성화되어야 한다. 

 In fact, that happened with a group that practiced mindfulness meditation for eight weeks. 

실제로, 이런 일은 8주 동안 마음 챙김 명상을 실행하는 한 집단에서 일어났다. 

They had greater activity in the left side, reported a stronger sense of well-being, and even showed a positive                   change in immune system function, as measured by influenza antibody titers. 

그들은 (전전두엽 피질의) 좌측이 더 활성화되었고, 더 강한 행복감을 (느낀다고) 말하였으며, 심지어 인플루엔자 항체 역가(力價)를 통해 측정된 바와 같이 면역 체계 기능에 긍정적인 변화를 보였다. 

Those who had the most activity in the left prefrontal cortex had the strongest immune system response, suggesting a    connection between overall well-being and the health of the immune system.

왼쪽 전전두엽피질의 움직임이 가장 활발한 사람들이 가장 강한 면역 체계 반응을 보였는데, 이는 전반적인 행복과 면역 체계의 건강 사이의 연관성을 시사해 주었다.

어법선택

Dr. Davidson and his colleagues (have shown/have been shown) that there is asymmetry in the  prefrontal cortex (reflected/reflecting) our affective style. When there is more activity in the right side of the prefrontal cortex, it (is correlated/correlates)  with negative emotions such as worry, sadness, and anger. If the left side is more active,  we tend to be in a positive emotional state, with a sense of well-being, enthusiasm, even (joyful/joy).  (Developed/Developing) a greater ability to recover, then, should show up as a shift in the relative activity between the two sides of the prefrontal  cortex: the left side ought to become more active as the right side calms down. In fact, that (was happened/happened) with a group that (practicing/practiced) mindfulness meditation for eight weeks. They had greater activity in the left side,  (reporting/reported) a stronger sense of well-being, and even (showed/showing) a positive change in immune system function,  as measured by influenza antibody titers. Those who had the most activity in the left prefrontal cortex (having/had) the strongest immune system response, (suggested/suggesting) a connection between overall well-being and the health of the immune system.

15강 Exercise 04

Focus groups are commonly used in marketing but in some countries there are very real problems with them. 

포커스 그룹은 마케팅에서 흔히 사용되지만 몇몇의 나라에서는 그들에게 매우 실질적인 문제가 있다. 

Since it is difficult to recruit random people to be in focus groups, research agencies have developed large pools of   consumers willing to take part in focus groups at short notice. 

포커스 그룹에 들어갈 사람들을 무작위로 모집하는 것이 어려우므로, 연구 기관들은 촉박한 통보에도 포커스 그룹에 기꺼이 참여할 대규모 소비자 풀을 만들었다. 

However, the problem is that many of these consumers are too willing. 

그러나 문제는 이런 소비자 중 많은 수가 너무 자발적이라는 것이다. 

Research has revealed that many consumers enjoy the pay, free food, and experience of being an expert and focus                  on  pleasing  the moderator in order to get invited back regularly. 

연구는 많은 소비자가 보수, 무료 음식, 그리고 전문가가 되는 경험을 즐기고, 정기적으로 다시 초대를 받기 위해 진행자를 만족시키는 데 주력한다는 것을 밝혀냈다. 

Unfortunately, the way to please the very human moderator seems to be to work out what they want to hear,            rather than  providing them with genuine insights about the brand. 

안타깝게도, 바로 그 인간적인 진행자를 만족시키는 방식은 브랜드에 대한 진정한 통찰력을 그들에게 제공하는 것이라기보다는 그들이 듣고 싶어 하는 말을 알아내는 것으로 보인다. 

This makes much of the data gained from focus-group panels worthless. 

이것은 포커스 그룹 패널로부터 얻은 자료의 많은 부분을 쓸모없게 만든다. 

Agencies are aware of this problem and ensure a churn rate within groups to keep them fresh, but consumers get      around this  by using multiple names in order to remain in the pool.

(연구) 기관들은 이 문제를 알고 있고, 그들[패널]을 새롭게 유지하기 위해 그룹 내에서 참가 중단율을 확실히 하고 있지만, 소비자들은 (소비자) 인력풀에 남아 있기 위해 여러 이름을 사용함으로써 이것을 피한다.

어법선택

Focus groups are commonly (using/used) in marketing but in some countries there are very real problems with them.  (Although/Since) it is difficult to recruit random people to be in focus groups, research agencies (have developed/have been developed)  large pools of consumers (unwilling/willing) to take part in focus groups at short notice. However, the problem  is that many of these consumers are too willing. Research has (been revealed/revealed) that many consumers enjoy  the pay, free food, and experience of being an expert and (focusing/focus) on (pleased/pleasing) the moderator  in order to get (invited/inviting) back regularly. Unfortunately, the way to please the very human moderator seems to be to work out  (that/what) they want to hear, rather than providing them with genuine insights about the brand. This makes (many/much)  of the data (gaining/gained) from focus-group panels worthless. Agencies are aware of this problem and (ensuring/ensure) a churn rate within groups to keep (one/them) fresh, but consumers get around this by using multiple names in order to  remain in the pool.   

(Six-Degrees/Six-Degree) Rise

(An Earth/The Earth) is a beautiful blue planet.

People live (on/in) it.

It is also home (for/to) many kinds of animals and plants.

But, the temperature of the Earth is (gone/going) up.

Small changes in temperature will bring (about/on) many problems.

The ice in the Arctic and Greenland (melts/melt).

Polar bears lose their homes and cannot find food (easy/easily).

They have to move across (wide/widely) areas for their food.

The sea level rises very (highly/high).

Lots of cities on the seaside (sink/sinking) under water.

Some islands (is disappeared/disappear).

Many places become deserts.

The Amazon rain forests (is disappeared/disappear).

The Earth is (alike/like) a big fireball.

Most living things (die/dead) from the heat.

Huge storms destroy (everything/nothing).

People, animals, and plants cannot live (in/to) this hot place!

(Isn't/Doesn't) this scary?

The temperature of the Earth will rise six (degree/degrees) in a short time.

We have to do (something/nothing).

We can save (an Earth/the Earth).

Six-Degree Rise

6도 상승

The Earth is a beautiful blue planet.

지구는 아름다운 푸른 행성입니다.

People live on it.

사람들이 그 위에 살고 있습니다.

It is also home to many kinds of animals and plants.

지구는 또한 많은 종류의 동물과 식물의 집입니다.

But, the temperature of the Earth is going up.

그러나, 지구의 온도가 올라가고 있습니다.

Small changes in temperature will bring about many problems.

온도의 작은 변화는 많은 문제를 일으킬 것입니다.

Two-degree rise:

2도 상승

The ice in the Arctic and Greenland melts.

북극과 그린란드의 얼음이 녹습니다.

Polar bears lose their homes and cannot find food easily.

북극곰들은 그들의 집을 잃고 음식을 쉽게 찾을 수 없습니다.

They have to move across wide areas for their food.

그들은 먹이를 구하기 위해서 넓은 지역으로 이동해야 합니다.

Four-degree rise:

4도 상승

The sea level rises very high.

해수면이 매우 높게 상승합니다.

Lots of cities on the seaside sink under water.

바닷가에 있는 많은 도시들이 물 아래로 가라앉습니다.

Some islands disappear.

몇몇 섬들은 사라집니다.

Many places become deserts.

많은 곳들이 사막이 됩니다.

The Amazon rain forests disappear.

아마존 열대 우림이 사라집니다.

Six-degree rise:

6도 상승

The Earth is like a big fireball.

지구는 큰 불덩이와 같습니다.

Most living things die from the heat.

대부분의 생물들이 열 때문에 죽습니다.

Huge storms destroy everything.

거대한 폭풍이 모든 것을 파괴합니다.

People, animals, and plants cannot live in this hot place!

사람들, 동물들, 그리고 식물들은 이렇게 뜨거운 곳에서 살 수 없습니다!

Isn't this scary?

이것이 무섭지 않나요?

The temperature of the Earth will rise six degrees in a short time.

지구의 온도는 짧은 시간 안에 6도로 상승할 것입니다.

We have to do something.

우리는 뭔가 해야합니다.

We can save the Earth.

우리는 지구를 구할 수 있습니다.

[1] 현재 완료 시제

현재완료 용법 4가지

완료  -  I have just finished my homework.   (함께 쓰이는 단어 : already/yet/just)

경험  -  I have visited Tokyo many times. (함께 쓰이는 단어 : never/ever/once/twice/often/before)

결과  -  I have lost my key. (결과에 쓰이는 동사 : go/leave/lose/buy/come)

계속  -  I have lived in Tokyo for 20 years. (함께 쓰이는 단어 : for/since)

현재완료 만들기

주어 + have/has + P.P(과거분사) 

예시 : I play soccer.  -> I have played soccer. 

현재완료와 과거시제 

* 현재완료 = 과거에 시작해서 현재까지 계속 되는 것  ( I have lived in New York for a year.) 여전히 뉴욕에 1년째 있음

* 과거 = 과거 특정 시점에 일이 일어났다 끝난 상태 ( I lived in New York for a year.) 과거 1년 뉴욕에 살았었고 현재는 있지 않음 

* 현재완료 = 과거의 특정 시간을 나타내는 부사와 같이 쓸 수 없음 (예 : I have lost my key yesterday (X) )

* 과거 = yesterday / last night / a week ago  같은 과거 특정한 때를 나타내는 부사와 함께 쓰여 과거 그 행동이 일어난 구체적 시점을 드러냄 

(예 : I lost my key yesterday ( O ) ) 

[2] So + 형용사/부사 + that + S + V  너무 ~해서 -하다 

결과를 나타낼 때 씀 

원인 - The movie was boring. 결과 - I dozed off. 

영화가 지루했기에 나는 졸았다. 

( The movie was so boring that I dozed off. )

[3] 현재분사 - ing  (감정을 나타내는) 

감정을 나타내는 분사는 내가 그 감정을 느낄 때 -ed  그런 감정을 주는 존재 일때 -ing 

예 : The teacher is boring. (그 선생님은 지루한 분이다.) 지루함을 주는 사람 

      The teacher is bored. (그 선생님은 지루하시다.) 선생님이 지루함을 느끼는 것 

interesting/interested (흥미로움을 주는/ 흥미를 느끼는)

disappointing/disappointed (실망감을 주는/ 실망감을 느끼는)

tiring/tired (피곤함을 주는/피곤한)

amazing/amazed (놀라게 하는/ 놀란)

pleasing/pleased (기쁨을 주는/기쁜)

surprising/surprised (놀라게 하는/놀란) 

3과 문법 문제 

1. 다음 빈 칸에 들어갈 단어로 알맞은 것은?

She was _________________ because the class was ___________________.

(1) bored - bored    (2) bored - boring  (3) boring - boring    (4) boring - bored  (5) bored - bore 

2. 다음 중 어법이 어색한 문장을 고르시오.

(1) The news was shocking.

(2) She was interested in English.

(3) The movie was so boring.

(4) The team members were depressing by the leader.

(5) The soccer match was exciting.

3. 다음 중 어법이 어색한 문장을 고르시오.

(1) I have eaten Italian food once.

(2) Has she ever been here?

(3) I met Tom last night.

(4) She has come home last month.

(5) I finished the project two weeks ago. 

4. 다음 두 문장을 한 문장으로 만들때 제대로 쓴 것은?

[ I started to study Chinese five months ago. I still study Chinese. ]

(1) I have studied Chinese five months ago.

(2) I have started to study Chinese for five months ago.

(3) I have studied Chinese for five months.

(4) I have started to study Chinese five months ago.

(5) I have studying Chinese for five months.

5. 주어진 문장의 밑줄 과 같은 쓰임인 문장은?

[ I have lived in New Zealand since 2007.]

(1) I have played the viola for ten years.

(2) Ashley has visited her uncle's place many times.

(3) Jason has gone to Rome.

(4) I have already seen the drama before.

(5) She haven't finished her work report yet.

6. 다음 문장에서 잘 못 된곳을 고치세요.

Today is my birthday. I am so exciting.

_________________  -> ______________________

7. 다음 빈칸에 알맞는 단어는?

Amy was so sick that she couldn't study last night. However, she got an A on her English exam.

She was ______________________.

(1) depressing  (2) depressed  (3) exciting  (4) surprising   (5) surprised 

8. 아래 우리말을 영어로 옮길 때 빈 칸에 들어갈 말은?

나는 너무 아파서 학교에 갈 수 없었다.

I was _______  sick  _____________ I couldn't go to school.

[9-14] 두 문장을 한 문장으로 So~that 을 써서 만드세요.

9. I was cold. I couldn't go out.

10. The food was spicy. I couldn't eat it.

11. The quiz was difficult. We couldn't solve it.

12. They were tired. They went back home early.

13. The parcel was heavy. He couldn't move it. 

14. I was late. I had to take a taxi.

15. 다음 현재완료 문장들 중 용법이 다른 하나는?

(1) She hasn't done her report yet.

(2) I have been to Seoul twice.

(3) Have you ever eaten Kimchi?

(4) He has never seen the movie.

(5) I have met him before. 

16. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 알맞은 말은?

I bought the book last year, and I still have it.

- > I __________________ the book __________ last year.

(1) have been  -  since  (2) have been  -  for   (3) have had  -  since  (4) have had   -for   (5) have buying  -  for 

17. 다음 중 어법상 틀린 문장은?

(1) I have read the article twice.

(2) Kevin has played games since five years.

(3) They have stayed here for two days.

(4) I met my boyfriend last week.

(5) Have you been to Busan?

18. 다음 빈 칸을 알맞게 채우세요. (hint:빈칸)

Today's weather is so _______________________. I feel _____________________. (depress)

[19-20] 빈 칸에 알맞게 바꿔 쓰세요. 

19. A : How's your sister doing in Tokyo?

     B  : I don't know yet. I ___________ ___________ to her. (not, talk)

20. A : Your room is very clean.

      B  : Yes, I _____________ it last night. (clean)

[1-3] 다음을 읽고 물음에 답하시오.

A Diary (가)from Antarctica 

Mr.Nam spent a year (나)in Antarctica.

He worked (다)as a cook at Antarctic Jang Bogo Station.

He recorded his life there in his diary.

21/Mar

(정원 하나가 있습니다) in the station.

Today I (라)picked some vegetables and made bibimbap for lunch.

Everyone liked it very much.

I enjoy (마)to cook for the people here.

1. 다음 글을 읽고 내용과 일치하는 것은?

(1) 남씨는 북극에서 1년을 보냈다.

(2) 남씨는 장보고과학기자 과학자로 일했다.

(3) 남씨는 그의 일상을 영상으로 담았다.

(4) 3월21일 일기에서 남씨는 채소로 비빔밥을 저녁으로 만들었다.

(5) 남씨는 사람들을 위해 요리하기를 즐긴다.

2. (가-마) 중 틀린 것을 고르세요.

3. (정원 하나가 있습니다)를 영어로 바꿔 쓰시오.

[4-6] 다음을 읽고 물음에 답하시오.

30/May

The polar night goes on.

The moon and the stars are always in the sky.

I miss the sun.

It is really cold, (   A   ) I do not catch a cold.

viruses cannot live here.

21/Jun

Today was Mid-Winter Day.

It is a big holiday in Antarctica.

We got many e-cards from other stations.

I cooked patjuk (    B    ) dinner.

We wished (서로 서로) good luck.

4. 윗 글의 내용과 일치하지 않는 것은?

(1) 남극은 바이러스가 살 수 없다.

(2) 5월 30일 일기에 따르면, 극야가 진행중이다.

(3) 남씨는 동짓날 저녁으로 팥죽을 만들었다.

(4) 다른 과학 기지로부터 손수 만든 카드를 많이 받았다.

(5) 동짓날은 남극에서 큰 명절이다.

5. 윗 빈칸 A , B 에 들어갈 말로 알맞은 것은?

(1) and  -  for   (2) and  -  to   (3) but  -  for   (4) but  -  to   (5) so  - of 

6. (서로 서로)를 영어로 2단어로 쓰세요.

[7-10] 다음을 읽고 물음에 답하시오.

10/Jul

Last night I ate fresh fruit in a dream.

Sadly, (가)that dream did not come true.

(  A  ) about noon, colorful lights danced across the sky.

I took pictures of the auroras.

15/Aug

The sun finally ( 나 ).

Everyone watched the sunrise and shouted with joy.

(  B   ) the afternoon, the scientists went out to the sea.

They study sea animals in Antarctica.

(다) Working outside is very hard for the people here.

7. (가)that dream이 뜻하는 바를 우리말로 설명하시오.

8. (A), (B)에 들어갈 알맞은 단어로 짝지어 진것은?

(1) In - In  (2) At - In  (3) At - At  (4) In - At  (5) At - to 

9. 빈 칸 (나) 에 return 이 어떤 형태로 들어가야 할지 쓰시오.

10. (다)의 밑 줄과 같은 쓰임은?

(1) She is working in her office now.

(2) Why are you leaving so early?

(3) Her dream is building a huge garden.

(4) The girl singing in the room is my sister.

(5) I like to read interesting stories. 

[11-14] 다음을 읽고 물음에 답하시오.

20/Sep

(가) Anyone saw a Weddel seal.

It means the end of the long winter months.

It also means we will soon have visitors to the station.

The station will not be a lonely place any more.

I CANNOT WAIT!

17/Nov

A helicopter brought (A. a few people) to the station.

I got some bananas from (B. them).

(이렇게 멋진 선물이!) 

I cooked ramyeon for (C. them), and (D. they) liked it very much.

(E. I) go home in two months.

I'm going to eat bananas every day.

11. (가) 문장에서 잘 못된 부분 찾아 고쳐쓰세요.

12. (A-E)중 다른 하나를 고르시오.

13. (이렇게 멋진 선물이!)를 영어로 4 단어로 쓰시오.

14. 윗 글의 내용과 일치하지 않는 것은?

(1) Weddel 해표가 나오면 겨울의 끝을 의미한다.

(2) 헬리콥터로 몇 몇 방문객들이 왔다.

(3) 그 방문객들이 바나나를 선물로 가져왔다.

(4) 필자는 선물 보답으로 라면 한 상자를 주었다.

(5) 필자는 2달 후 집으로 돌아간다.