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The printing press boosted the power of ideas to copy themselves.
인쇄기는 생각이 스스로를 복제하는 능력을 신장했다.
Prior to low-cost printing, ideas could and did spread by word of mouth.
비용이 적게 드는 인쇄술이 있기 전에, 생각은 구전으로 퍼져 나갈 수 있었고 실제로 그렇게 퍼져 나갔다.
While this was tremendously powerful, it limited the complexity of the ideas that could be propagated to those that a single person could remember.
이것은 대단히 강력했지만, 전파될 수 있는 생각의 복잡성을 단 한 사람이 기억할 수 있는 것들로 제한했다.
It also added a certain amount of guaranteed error.
그것은 또한 일정량의 확실한 오류를 추가했다.
The spread of ideas by word of mouth was equivalent to a game of telephone on a global scale.
구전에 의한 생각의 전파는 전 세계적인 규모의 말 전하기 놀이와 맞먹었다.
The advent of literacy and the creation of handwritten scrolls and, eventually, handwritten books strengthened the ability of large and complex ideas to spread with high fidelity.
글을 읽고 쓸 줄 아는 능력의 출현과 손으로 쓴 두루마리, 그리고 궁극적으로 손으로 쓴 책의 창출은 (범위가) 크고 복잡한 생각이 매우 정확하게 퍼져 나갈 수 있도록 해 주었다.
But the incredible amount of time required to copy a scroll or book by hand limited the speed with which information could spread this way. A well-trained monk could transcribe around four pages of text per day.
그러나 손으로 두루마리나 책을 복사하는 데 요구된 엄청난 양의 시간은 이 방식으로 정보가 퍼져 나갈 수 있는 속도를 제한했다.
A printing press could copy information thousands of times faster, allowing knowledge to spread far more quickly, with full fidelity, than ever before.
잘 훈련된 수도승은 하루에 약 4쪽의 문서를 필사할 수 있었다. 인쇄기는 정보를 수천 배 더 빠르게 복사할 수 있었는데, 그것은 지식이 이전 어느 때보다 훨씬 더 빠르고 최대한 정확하게 퍼져 나갈 수 있게 하였다.
어법선택
The printing press (boosting/boosted) the power of ideas to copy themselves. Prior to low-cost printing, ideas could and (did spread/was spread) by word of mouth. While this was tremendously powerful, it (was limited/limited) the complexity of the ideas that could (be propagated/propagate) to those that a single person could remember. It also added a certain amount of guaranteed error. The spread of ideas by word of mouth was equivalent to a game of telephone on a global scale. The advent of literacy and the creation of (handwriting/handwritten) scrolls and, eventually, handwritten books strengthened the ability of large and complex ideas to spread with high fidelity. But the incredible amount of time (is required/required) to copy a scroll or book by hand limited the speed with (which/when) information could spread this way. A well-trained monk could transcribe around four pages of text per day. A printing press could copy information thousands of times faster, (allows/allowing) knowledge to spread far more (quick/quickly), with full fidelity, than ever before.
14강 Exercise 01
Play is often discounted as something for children, because it does not deal with important survival processes, because it is useless.
놀이는 중요한 생존 과정을 다루고 있지 않기 때문에, 즉 쓸모가 없다는 이유로 흔히 아이들용이라고 평가절하되곤 한다.
But this is a profound misunderstanding.
그러나 이것은 심각한 오해이다.
Play is important because it is useless; because it allows us to act not because of necessity or convenience, but in order to freely express our being.
놀이는 쓸모가 없다는 바로 그 ‘이유 때문에’ 중요한데, 그것이 우리로 하여금 필요나 편리함 때문이 아니라 자유롭게 우리의 존재를 표현하기 위해 행동하도록 해주기 때문이다.
The problem, however, starts again when play becomes a profession — with all the external rewards and responsibilities that this entails.
그러나, 놀이가 직업이 되어 이에 수반하는 모든 외적 보상과 책임을 지니게 되면 다시 문제가 시작된다.
Musicians playing for leading symphony orchestras, or athletes playing for multimillion contracts with elite teams, no longer feel that they play to express their being.
잘 나가는 관현악단에서 연주하는 음악가나 최고의 팀과 수백만 달러의 계약을 맺고 운동하는 선수들은 더 이상 자신의 존재를 표현하기 위해 (그것을) 하고 있다고 느끼지 않는다.
Instead, they start feeling that their skill is being used by others for their own ends.
그 대신, 그들은 자신들의 기량이 다른 사람들에 의해 그들의 목적을 위해서 사용되고 있다고 느끼기 시작한다.
When that happens, instead of allowing for the free flow of consciousness, even play becomes part of the iron cage.
그런 일이 일어나면, 의식의 자유로운 흐름을 허용하는 대신, 놀이조차도 쇠우리의 일부가 되어 버린다.
어법선택
Play is often (discounted/discounting) as something for children, because it does not deal with important survival processes, because it is useless. But this is a profound (misunderstood/misunderstanding). Play is important because it is useless; because it allows us to act not because of necessity or convenience, but in order to (free/freely) express our being. The problem, however, starts again (where/when) play becomes a profession — with all the external rewards and responsibilities that this (entailing/entails). Musicians (play/playing) for leading symphony orchestras, or athletes (play/playing) for multimillion contracts with elite teams, no longer (feeling/feel) that they play to express their being. Instead, they start feeling that their skill (is being used by/is used by) others for their own ends. (When/How) that happens, instead of allowing (for/to) the free flow of consciousness, even play (becomes/becoming) part of the iron cage.
14강 Exercise 02
One facet of the nominal fallacy, the error of believing that the label carries explanatory information, is the danger of using common words and giving them a scientific meaning.
호칭이 설명 정보를 지닌다고 믿는 오류인 명명 오류의 한 측면은 평범한 단어를 사용하여 그것에 과학적 의미를 부여하는 위험이다.
This has the often disastrous effect of leading an unwary public down a path of misunderstanding.
이것은 부주의한 대중을 오해의 길로 호도하는 비참한 결과를 흔히 초래한다.
Words like “theory,” “law,” “force” do not mean in common discourse what they mean to a scientist.
‘이론’, ‘법’, ‘힘’과 같은 단어들은 평범한 담화에서 그것들이 과학자에게 의미하는 것을 의미하지는 않는다.
“Success” in Darwinian evolution is not the same “success” as taught by Dale Carnegie.
다윈의 진화론에서의 ‘성공’은 Dale Carnegie가 가르친 것과 같은 ‘성공’이 아니다.
“Force” to a physicist has a meaning quite different from that used in political discourse.
물리학자에게 ‘힘’은 정치 담론에서 사용되는 것과는 상당히 다른 의미를 지닌다.
The worst of these, though, may be “theory” and “law,” which are almost polar opposites — theory being a strong idea in science while vague in common discourse, and law being a much more muscular social than scientific concept.
하지만 이것들 중 가장 최악의 것은 ‘이론’과 ‘법’일 가능성이 있는데, 그것들은 거의 완전히 반대의 의미를 갖는 것들이라서, 이론은 과학에서 확실한 개념인 반면에 평범한 담화에서는 모호하고, 법은 과학적 개념이라기보다는 훨씬 더 강력한 사회적 개념이다.
These differences lead to sometimes serious misunderstandings between scientists and the public that supports their work.
이러한 차이점은 과학자와 그들의 작업을 지지하는 일반 대중 사이에 때때로 심각한 오해를 초래한다.
어법선택
One facet of the nominal fallacy, the error of believing that the label (carrying/carries) explanatory information, (is/being) the danger of using common words and (gave/giving) them a scientific meaning. This has the often disastrous effect of (led/leading) an unwary public down a path of misunderstanding. Words like “theory,” “law,” “force” do not mean in common discourse (that/what) they mean to a scientist. “Success” in Darwinian evolution is not the same “success” as taught by Dale Carnegie. “Force” to a physicist (have/has) a meaning quite different from that used in political discourse. The worst of these, though, may be “theory” and “law,” (where/which) are almost polar opposites — theory being a strong idea in science (during/while) vague in common discourse, and law (is/being) a much more muscular social than scientific concept. These differences (leading/lead) to sometimes serious misunderstandings between scientists and the public that (supporting/supports) their work.
14강 Exercise 03
There is an optimal level of emotion that is necessary for increased learning.
학습 증진에 필요한 최적의 감정 수준이 있다.
Too much or too little reduces the efficiency of the cortex.
너무 많거나 너무 적은 수준은 대뇌 피질의 효율성을 감소시킨다.
This is why movies, books, and music that trigger emotions are easily remembered.
이것이 바로 감정을 불러일으키는 영화, 책, 음악이 쉽게 기억되는 이유다.
The best lessons in life or in a classroom make you laugh, think, or cry.
인생이나 교실에서 가장 좋은 수업은 여러분을 웃게 하거나, 생각하게 하거나, 혹은 울게 한다.
One of my high school teachers removed all the furniture from the classroom and taped small square dimensions on the floor that represented the amount of space a slave was afforded on the ships transporting them from Africa to America.
나의 고등학교 선생님 중 한 분은 교실에서 모든 가구를 치우고 바닥에 아프리카에서 미국으로 그들을 운반하는 배에서 노예 한 명에게 주어진 공간의 양을 나타내는 작은 사각형 모양의 면적을 테이프로 표시하셨다.
During that lesson, students were seated tightly packed in their allotted squares for the duration of the period.
그 수업에서 학생들은 수업 시간 내내 할당된 사각형 안에 꽉 들어찬 채 앉아 있었다.
We struggled to make it through the entire period and wondered how slaves could be in similar positions for months.
우리는 전체 수업 시간 동안 참아 내려고 애썼고 노예들이 어떻게 몇 달이나 비슷한 자세로 있을 수 있었는지 궁금히 여겼다.
My high school history teacher created an emotional experience that I remember vividly to this day.
나의 고등학교 역사 선생님께서는 내가 지금까지도 생생하게 기억하는 정서적 경험을 만들어 주신 것이었다.
어법선택
There is an optimal level of emotion that is necessary for (increasing/increased) learning. Too much or too little (reducing/reduces) the efficiency of the cortex. This is why movies, books, and music that trigger emotions are easily (remembering/remembered). The best lessons in life or in a classroom make you laugh, think, or cry. One of my high school teachers removed all the furniture from the classroom and (taped/taping) small square dimensions on the floor that represented the amount of space a slave (affored/was afforded) on the ships transporting them from Africa to America. During that lesson, students (seated/were seated) tightly packed in their allotted squares for the duration of the period. We struggled to make (it/them) through the entire period and wondered (why/how) slaves could be in similar positions for months. My high school history teacher (creating/created) an emotional experience that I remember (vivid/vividly) to this day.
14강 Exercise 04
Standards are prevalent in our modern world because they reduce the costs of interactions among the firms and people that subscribe to them.
표준 단위는 그에 동의한 기업과 사람들 간의 상호 작용의 비용을 줄여주기 때문에 현대 사회에 널리 퍼져 있다.
Hence, it is not unexpected to see standards coevolve with markets.
따라서, 표준 단위가 시장과 함께 진화하는 것을 보는 것이 예상 밖의 일은 아니다.
Many people are surprised to learn that only a few centuries ago simple measures of weight and volume, such as the pound and the pint, were not standard.
많은 사람들은 불과 몇 세기 전만 해도 파운드와 파인트 같은 무게와 부피의 간단한 단위가 표준화되지[공인되지] 않았음을 알고 놀란다.
Even though the same word was used in different towns, the weight of a pound varied from town to town — sometimes by as much as a factor of four.
비록 같은 단어가 여러 다른 마을에서 사용되었지만, 1파운드의 무게는 마을마다 달랐는데, 때로는 4배만큼이나 차이가 났다.
But as cities began to trade with one another and governments began to impose their rule over larger areas, the use of standards grew.
하지만 도시들이 서로 거래를 하기 시작하고 정부가 더 넓은 지역을 통치하기 시작하면서, 표준 단위의 사용은 증가했다.
The coevolution of standards and markets is easy to understand, since anyone buying a bushel of corn from a vendor in another town would want that bushel to mean the same in both towns.
다른 마을의 상인에게서 옥수수 한 부셸을 사는 사람은 누구나 그 부셸이 두 마을에서 같은 것을 의미하기를 원할 것이기 때문에, 표준 단위와 시장이 함께 진화하는 것은 이해하기 쉽다.
So the possibility of trade created an incentive for standardization, and helped the expansion of the governments that were keen on the use of standards.
그래서 교역의 가능성은 표준화의 동기를 만들어 냈으며[거래가 가능하려면 표준화가 생겨야 했고] 표준 단위의 사용에 몹시 관심이 많은 정부들이 널리 확대되는 것을 도왔다.
어법선택
Standards are prevalent in our modern world because they reduce the costs of interactions among the firms and people that (subscribe/subscribed) to them. Hence, it is not unexpected to see standards (coevolve/to coevolve) with markets. Many people are surprised to learn that only a few centuries ago simple measures of weight and volume, such as the pound and the pint, (was/were) not standard. Even though the same word (was used/used) in different towns, the weight of a pound varied from town to town — sometimes by as much as a factor of four. But as cities began to trade with one another and governments began to impose their rule over larger areas, the use of standards (grown/grew). The coevolution of standards and markets is easy to understand, since anyone (bought/buying) a bushel of corn from a vendor in another town would want that bushel to mean the same in both towns. So the possibility of trade (creating/created) an incentive for standardization, and (helping/helped) the expansion of the governments that were keen on the use of standards.
14강 Exercise 05
There is an interesting side to the evolutionary process that is illuminated by astronomy.
진화 과정에 대해 천문학에 의해 밝혀지는 재미있는 측면이 있다.
The living organisms we now see all have their structure based upon the element carbon.
우리가 오늘날 보는 살아있는 유기체들은 모두 그 구조가 탄소라는 원소에 기반하고 있다.
Most biochemists believe no other basis is possible for life.
생화학자 대부분은 다른 어떤 기반도 생명체의 기반이 될 수 없다고 믿는다.
But where does carbon come from?
그렇지만 탄소는 어디에서 오는가?
Carbon originates in the centre of stars where at temperatures of millions of degrees it is ‘cooked’ from simple protons and neutrons.
탄소는 수백만 도의 온도에서 그것이 단순한 양성자와 중성자로부터 ‘조리되는[만들어지는]’ 항성의 중심부에서 생겨난다.
When the stars reach the end of their lives they explode and disperse carbon into space and on to the surface of planets and meteorites.
항성은 수명이 다하면 폭발하여 탄소를 우주로 그리고 행성 및 운석의 표면에 확산시킨다.
However, the time needed to make carbon and other heavier elements, like nitrogen and oxygen, by this stellar alchemy is very long: nearly a billion years.
그러나 이 항성의 연금술로 탄소, 그리고 질소와 산소 같은 다른 더 무거운 원소를 만드는데 필요한 시간은 매우 긴데, 거의 십억 년에 달한다.
Only after this immense period of time will the building blocks of life be available in the universe, and only then can biochemistry take over.
이 엄청난 시간이 지난 후에야만 생명체의 구성 요소를 우주에서 사용할 수 있게 되며 오직 그때서야 비로소 생화학이 이어받을 수 있다.
어법선택
There is an interesting side to the evolutionary process that is (illuminated by/illuminating) astronomy. The living organisms we now see all have their structure based upon the element carbon. Most biochemists believe no other basis is possible for life. But (which/where) does carbon come from? Carbon (originates/originating) in the centre of stars (when/where) at temperatures of millions of degrees it is ‘cooked’ from simple protons and neutrons. (Why/When) the stars reach the end of their lives they (are exploded/explode) and disperse carbon into space and on to the surface of planets and meteorites. However, the time (is needed/needed) to make carbon and other heavier elements, like nitrogen and oxygen, by this stellar alchemy is very long: (near/nearly) a billion years. Only after this immense period of time will the building blocks of life be available in the universe, and only then can biochemistry (take/taking) over.
14강 Exercise 06
Even very subtle manipulation of object-orientation in an ad design can impact purchase behavior.
광고 디자인에서 객체 지향 방법론을 아주 미묘하게 조작하기만 해도 구매 행동에 영향을 미칠 수 있다.
Advertisers can increase purchase intentions by facilitating mental simulation through their visual depictions of the product.
광고주들은 제품에 대한 시각적 묘사를 통해 심적 시뮬레이션을 용이하게 함으로써 구매 의사를 높일 수 있다.
They can do this simply by orienting a product (e.g., a cake with a fork) toward the right side.
그들은 이것을 단순히 제품(예를 들면, 포크가 있는 케이크)을 오른쪽으로 향하게 함으로써 할 수 있다.
While this may not suit the smaller percentage of left-handers, the larger percentage of right-handers will have better mental product-interaction.
이것이 더 적은 비율로 존재하는 왼손잡이들에게는 적합하지 않을 수 있지만, 더 많은 비율로 존재하는 오른손잡이들은 제품과의 정신적 상호작용을 더 잘할 수 있을 것이다.
These results also hold for shelf display design in retail environments.
이러한 결과는 소매 환경에서의 선반 진열 디자인에도 적용된다.
For example, a very slight change in display design of mugs in the window of a coffee shop could affect purchases with consumers imagining picking up that coffee mug and drinking from it.
예를 들어, 커피숍 창문에 놓인 머그잔의 진열 디자인에 아주 작은 변화만 주어도 소비자들이 그 커피잔을 들고 커피를 마시는 것을 상상하여 구매에 영향을 미칠 수 있을 것이다.
Including an instrument (e.g., a spoon for eating an advertised soup) that facilitates mental simulation should also increase purchase intentions.
심적 시뮬레이션을 용이하게 하는 도구(예를 들면, 광고하는 수프를 먹기 위한 숟가락)를 포함하는 것 역시 구매 의사를 증가시킬 것이다.
These consequences of visual depiction impact not just advertising design, but product packaging design and display design as well.
시각적 묘사의 이러한 결과는 광고 디자인뿐만 아니라 제품 포장 디자인과 진열 디자인에도 영향을 미친다.
어법선택
Even very (subtley/subtle) manipulation of object-orientation in an ad design can impact purchase behavior. Advertisers can increase purchase intentions by facilitating mental simulation through their visual depictions of the product. They can do this (simple/simply) by orienting a product (e.g., a cake with a fork) toward the right side. (During/While) this may not suit the (bigger/smaller) percentage of left-handers, the larger percentage of right-handers will have better mental product-interaction. These results also hold for shelf (display/displaying) design in retail environments. For example, a very (slightly/slight) change in display design of mugs in the window of a coffee shop could (affect/effect) purchases with consumers imagining (picking/picked) up that coffee mug and (drinking/drink) from it. (Include/Including) an instrument (e.g., a spoon for eating an advertised soup) that facilitates mental simulation should also increase purchase intentions. These consequences of visual depiction impact not just (advertising/advertised) design, but product packaging design and (display/displayed) design as well.7
14강 Exercise 07
The sun is the ultimate source of all energy on earth, whether it’s used by grass in the fields, trees in the forest, or your car on the road.
태양은 들판의 풀에 의해 사용되든, 숲의 나무에 의해 사용되든, 또는 도로 위의 여러분의 차에 의해 사용되든 간에 지구상의 모든 에너지의 근원적인 원천이다.
Though poets might prefer a more evocative comparison, astrophysicists liken the sun to a nuclear fusion reactor.
시인들은 더 좋은 기억을 떠올리게 하는 비교를 선호할 수도 있겠지만, 천체 물리학자들은 태양을 핵융합 원자로에 비유한다.
Astronomers observe that the sun’s diameter is more than one hundred times larger than the earth’s, and it is unimaginably hot — nearly 15 million degrees Celsius at its center.
천문학자들은 태양의 지름이 지구의 지름보다 100배 넘게 더 크며, 태양은 그 중심부가 거의 섭씨 1,500만 도로 상상할 수 없을 만큼 뜨겁다고 말한다.
Within that heat, the sun packs enormous pressure; the core is forty-three times denser than a diamond.
태양은 그 열기 속에서 엄청난 압력을 지니며 중심부는 다이아몬드보다 43배 더 밀도가 높다.
Under these extreme conditions four protons slamming together make one helium atom through nuclear fusion.
이러한 극한 조건 하에서 4개의 양성자가 함께 부딪치며 핵융합을 통해 하나의 헬륨 원자를 만든다.
When that happens, about 0.7 percent of the mass of the protons is turned into energy (E = mc²), and about 0.000000045 percent of that energy eventually comes flying in our direction in the form of sunlight.
그것이 일어날 때, 양성자 질량의 약 0.7퍼센트가 에너지로 변환되고(E = mc²), 그 에너지의 약 0.000000045퍼센트가 마침내 햇빛의 형태로 우리가 있는 방향으로 날아오게 된다.
That doesn’t sound like a lot of energy, but it’s enough to power all life on earth, and more.
그것은 많은 에너지처럼 들리지는 않지만, 지구상의 모든 생명체에게 에너지를 공급하기에 충분하고 더 많기도 하다.
In fact, the energy in sunlight arriving on earth contains about twelve thousand times more energy than humanity uses in a year.
사실, 지구에 도달하는 햇빛의 에너지는 인류가 1년에 사용하는 에너지보다 약 12,000배 더 많은 에너지를 포함하고 있다.
어법선택
The sun is the ultimate source of all energy on earth, (whether/where) it’s used by grass in the fields, trees in the forest, or your car on the road. (Though/Despite of) poets might prefer a more evocative comparison, astrophysicists liken the sun to a nuclear fusion reactor. Astronomers (observe/observing) that the sun’s diameter is more than one hundred times larger than the earth’s, and it is unimaginably hot — nearly 15 million degrees Celsius at its center. Within that heat, the sun packs (enormous/enormously) pressure; the core is forty-three times denser than a diamond. Under these extreme conditions four protons (slamming/slam) together make one helium atom through nuclear fusion. When that (happens/happening), about 0.7 percent of the mass of the protons (is turned/turns) into energy (E = mc²), and about 0.000000045 percent of that energy eventually comes flying in our direction in the form of sunlight. That doesn’t sound like a lot of energy, but it’s enough to power all life on earth, and more. In fact, the energy in sunlight (arriving/arrived) on earth contains about twelve thousand times more energy than humanity (using/uses) in a year.
14강 Exercise 08
While our brains make up only 2% of our weight, they consume 20% of our energy.
두뇌는 우리 체중의 오직 2퍼센트만 차지하고 있지만, 우리 에너지의 20퍼센트를 소비한다.
They are hungry for oxygen and glucose.
그것은 산소와 포도당을 갈망한다.
This means they are dependent on good blood flow and good regulation of blood sugar.
이것은 그것이 적절한 혈액 순환과 적절한 혈당 조절에 의존한다는 것을 의미한다.
This is where exercise helps.
이 점에 있어서 운동이 도움이 된다.
Poor regulation of blood sugar, for example, is associated with smaller hippocampi — the brain regions responsible for laying down long-term memories.
예를 들어, 불충분한 혈당 조절은 더 작은 해마와 연관이 있는데, 이것은 장기 기억을 저장하는 데 책임이 있는 두뇌 부분이다.
Regular exercise will increase the amount of blood flowing through your brain, and improve the delivery of blood sugar.
규칙적인 운동은 여러분 두뇌에 흐르는 피의 양을 증가시키고 혈당의 전달을 개선시킬 것이다.
This will help new neurons — brain cells — to grow.
이것은 새로운 뉴런들, 즉 뇌 세포들이 성장하도록 도울 것이다.
Until recently, scientists didn’t think adults could grow new neurons; you just had to make do with what you were born with.
최근까지, 과학자들은 성인이 새로운 뉴런을 성장시킬 수 있다고 생각하지 않았는데, 사람은 자신이 가지고 태어난 것으로 그럭저럭 살아야만 한다는 생각이었다.
But we can — and exercise helps this, as well as strengthening connections between existing neurons, improving long-term memories.
그러나 우리는 할[뉴런을 성장시킬] 수 있으며 운동은 현재의[기존의] 뉴런들 간의 연결을 강화하여 장기 기억을 향상시킬 수 있을 뿐 아니라 이렇게 하는 데 도움을 준다.
어법선택
While our brains make up only 2% of our weight, they consume 20% of our energy. They are hungry for oxygen and glucose. This means they are dependent on good blood flow and good regulation of blood sugar. This is where exercise helps. Poor regulation of blood sugar, for example, (is associated/associated) with smaller hippocampi — the brain regions responsible for (laying/lying) down long-term memories. Regular exercise will increase the amount of blood (flown/flowing) through your brain, and improve the delivery of blood sugar. This will help new neurons — brain cells — (to grow/grow). Until recently, scientists didn’t think adults could grow new neurons; you just had to make (do/done) with what you were born with. But we can — and exercise helps this, as well as (strengthening/strengthen) connections between existing neurons, (improving/improved) long-term memories.
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