초등 중등 고등 영어 자료실

31. 변형 문제 - 문맥상/어법상 알맞은 단어는?

Some people have defined wildlife damage management as the science and management of overabundant species, but this definition is too (narrow/wide). All wildlife species act in ways that harm human interests. Thus, all species cause wildlife damage, not just overabundant (ones/them). One interesting example of this involves endangered peregrine falcons in California, (where/which) prey on another endangered species, the California least tern. Certainly, we would not consider peregrine falcons (as/for) being overabundant, but we wish that they would not feed on an endangered species. In this case, one of the negative values (associated/associating) with a peregrine falcon population is that its predation reduces the population of another endangered species. The goal of wildlife damage management in this case would be to stop the falcons (from eating/to eat) the terns without (harming/benefitting) the falcons.

32. 어법 선택 

Through recent decades academic archaeologists have (been urged/urged) to conduct their research and excavations according to hypothesis-testing procedures. It has (been argued/been argueing) that we should construct our general theories, (deduced/deduce) testable propositions and prove or disprove them against the sampled data. In fact, the application of this ‘scientific method’ often (ran/running) into difficulties. The data have a tendency to lead to unexpected questions, problems and issues. Thus, archaeologists (claim/claiming) to follow hypothesis-testing procedures found themselves having to create a fiction. In practice, their work and theoretical conclusions (partly/part) from the data which they had discovered (developed/developing). In other words, they already knew the data (what/when) they decided upon an interpretation. But in presenting their work they rewrote the script, (placed/placing) the theory first and claiming to have tested it against data (when/which) they discovered, as in an experiment under laboratory conditions.

33. 변형 문제 - 순서 배열 

Digital technology accelerates dematerialization by hastening the migration from products to services. 

(A) Material goods infused with bits increasingly act as if they were intangible services. Nouns morph to verbs. Hardware behaves like software. In Silicon Valley they say it like this: “Software eats everything.” 

(B) The tangible is replaced by intangibles ― intangibles like better design, innovative processes, smart chips, and eventually online connectivity ― that do the work that more aluminum atoms used to do. Soft things, like intelligence, are thus embedded into hard things, like aluminum, that make hard things behave more like software.  

(C) The liquid nature of services means they don’t have to be bound to materials. But dematerialization is not just about digital goods. The reason even solid physical goods ― like a soda can ― can deliver more benefits while inhabiting less material is because their heavy atoms are substituted by weightless bits. 

34.  변형 문제 - 주어진 문장이 들어갈 곳은?

[ Yet while these Golden Rules encourage an agent to care for an other, they do not require abandoning self-concern altogether. ]

Not all Golden Rules are alike; two kinds emerged over time. (1) The negative version instructs restraint; the positive encourages intervention. One sets a baseline of at least not causing harm; the other points toward aspirational or idealized beneficent behavior. (2) While examples of these rules abound, too many to list exhaustively, let these versions suffice for our purpose here: “What is hateful to you do not do to another” and “Love another as yourself.” (3) Both versions insist on caring for others, whether through acts of omission, such as not injuring, or through acts of commission, by actively intervening. (4) The purposeful displacement of concern away from the ego nonetheless remains partly self-referential. (5) Both the negative and the positive versions invoke the ego as the fundamental measure against which behaviors are to be evaluated. 

35. 어법 선택 

When a dog is trained to (detect/be detected) drugs, explosives, contraband, or other items, the trainer doesn’t actually teach the dog (what/how) to smell; the dog already knows how to discriminate one scent from (other/another). Rather, the dog is trained to become emotionally aroused by one smell versus another. In the step-by-step training process, the trainer attaches an “emotional charge” to a particular scent (because/so that) the dog is drawn to it above all others. And then the dog is trained to search out the (desiring/desired) item on cue, so that the trainer can control or (release/released) the behavior. This emotional arousal is also (why/how) playing tug with a dog is a more powerful emotional reward in a training regime than just giving a dog a food treat, (since/although) the trainer invests more emotion into a game of tug. From a dog’s point of view, the tug toy is (compelling/compelled) because the trainer is “upset” by the toy. 

36.  어법 선택 

Notation was more than a practical method for (preserving/being preserved) an expanding repertoire of music. It changed the nature of the art itself. (To write/Write) something down means that people far away in space and time can re-create it. At the same time, there are downsides. (Written/Writing) notes freeze the music rather than allowing it (developing/to develop) in the hands of individuals, and it discourages improvisation. Partly because of notation, modern classical performance (lacks/lacking) the depth of nuance that is part of aural tradition. Before notation (arrived/arriving), in all history music was largely carried on as an aural tradition. Most world music is still (basical/basically) aural, including sophisticated musical traditions such as Indian and Balinese. Most jazz musicians can read music but often don’t bother, and their art is (many/much) involved with improvisation. Many modern pop musicians, one example (being/is) Paul McCartney, can’t read music at all.

37.  변형 문제 - 빈칸 문제 

Marshall McLuhan, among others, noted that clothes are people’s extended skin, wheels extended feet, camera and telescopes extended eyes. Our technological creations are great extrapolations of the bodies that our genes build. (B) In this way, we can think of technology as our extended body. During the industrial age it was easy to see the world this way. Steam-powered shovels, locomotives, television, and the levers and gears of engineers were a fabulous exoskeleton that turned man into superman. (C) A closer look reveals the flaw in this analogy: The extended costume of animals is the result of their genes. They inherit the basic blueprints of what they make. Humans don’t. (A) The blueprints for our shells spring from our minds, which may spontaneously create something none of our ancestors ever made or even imagined. If technology is an extension of humans, it is not an extension of our genes but of our          . Technology is therefore the extended body for ideas. 

(1) goals

(2) minds

(3) bodies

(4) worries

(5) greed

38. 변형 문제 -빈칸 문제 

We seek out feel-good experiences, always on the lookout for the next holiday, purchase or culinary experience. This approach to happiness is relatively recent; it depends on our capacity both to pad our lives with material pleasures and to feel that we can control our suffering. Painkillers, as we know them today, are a relatively recent invention and access to material comfort is now within reach of a much larger proportion of the world’s population. These technological and economic advances have had significant cultural implications, leading us to see our negative experiences as a problem and maximizing our positive experiences as the answer. Yet, through this we have forgotten that being happy in life is not just about pleasure. Comfort, contentment and satisfaction have never been the elixir of happiness. Rather, happiness is often found in those moments we are                                        . Happiness is there, on the edges of these experiences, and when we get a glimpse of that kind of happiness it is powerful, transcendent and compelling.

(1) challenged by some burdens

(2) extremely sad

(3) most vulnerable, alone or in pain

(4) achieved hard work

(5) terribly upset

39. 어법 선택 

Whispering galleries (are/is) remarkable acoustic spaces found beneath (certainly/certain) domes or curved ceilings. A famous one is located outside a well-known restaurant in New York City’s Grand Central Station. It’s a fun place to take a date: the two of you can exchange romantic words (while/during) you’re forty feet apart and (separating/separated by) a busy passageway. You’ll hear each other clearly, but the passersby won’t hear a word you’re saying. (To produce/produce) this effect, the two of you should stand at (diagonal/diagonally) opposite corners of the space, facing the wall. That puts you each near a focus, a special point (at which/which) the sound of your voice gets focused as it reflects off the passageway’s curved walls and ceiling. Ordinarily, the sound waves you produce travel in all directions and (bounce/bounced) off the walls at different times and places, scrambling them so much that they are inaudible (where/when) they arrive at the ear of a listener forty feet away. But when you whisper at a focus, the (reflecting/reflected) waves all arrive at the same time at the other focus, thus reinforcing one another and (allowing/allows) your words to be heard. 

40. 어법 선택 

After the United Nations environmental conference in Rio de Janeiro in 1992 (made/making) the term “sustainability” widely known around the world, the word became a popular buzzword by (those/that) who wanted to be seen as pro-environmental but who did not really intend to change their behavior. It became a public relations term, an attempt to (see/be seen) as abreast with the latest thinking of (what/that) we must do to save our planet from widespread harm. But then, in a decade or so, some governments, industries, educational institutions, and organizations started to use the term in a serious manner. In the United States (a/the) number of large corporations appointed a vice president for sustainability. Not only (did/were) these officials interested in how their companies could profit by producing “green” products, (and/but) they were often given the task of making the company more efficient by reducing wastes and pollution and by reducing its carbon emissions. 

[41-42] 변형 문제 - 빈칸 문제

Aristotle did not think that all human beings should be allowed to engage in political activity: in his system, women, slaves, and foreigners were explicitly (a) excluded from the right to rule themselves and others. Nevertheless, his basic idea that politics is a unique collective activity that is directed at certain (b) common goals and ends still resonates today. But which ends? Many thinkers and political figures since the ancient world have developed different ideas about the goals that politics can or should achieve. This approach is known as political moralism. For moralists, political life is a branch of ethics ― or moral philosophy ― so it is (c) unsurprising that there are many philosophers in the group of moralistic political thinkers. Political moralists argue that politics should be directed toward achieving substantial goals, or that political arrangements should be organized to (d) protect certain things. Among these things are political values such as justice, equality, liberty, happiness, fraternity, or national self-determination. At its most radical, moralism produces descriptions of ideal political societies known as Utopias, named after English statesman and philosopher Thomas More’s book Utopia, published in 1516, which imagined an ideal nation. Utopian political thinking dates back to the ancient Greek philosopher Plato’s book the Republic, but it is still used by modern thinkers such as Robert Nozick to explore ideas. Some theorists consider Utopian political thinking to be a (e) promising undertaking, since it has led in the past to justifications of totalitarian violence. However, at its best, Utopian thinking is part of a process of striving toward a better society, and many thinkers use it to suggest values to be                           .

(1) ignored or neglected 

(2) pursued or protected

(3) connected or concerned 

(4) admired or loved

(5) discriminated or separated 

[43～45] 어법 선택 

(A) When Master Brooks played a Mozart piece on the violin for his class to learn, the room was filled (with/in) waves of beautiful, soul-stirring sound. The class tried (emulating/to emulate) the music played by this renowned guest musician. (Between/Among) the students in the class, Joe Brooks was by far the best. In fact, Joe was the master’s son. His father had (been placed/placed) a baby violin in his hands at the age of four, and Joe was a natural talent. Now, just twelve years later, he was already on (a) his way to (becoming/become) a virtuoso like his father. (D) After the class, Joe was alone with his father. He had (important something/something important) to talk about. Joe took a deep breath and said, “I have (been asked/asked) to play in a concert, and I would like your permission first. It is a crossover concert.” Master Brooks looked (surprising/surprised). Indeed, the master’s dislike of crossover music was no secret. “Father,” Joe took a deep breath and (continuing/continued), “I respect your views, but it is not (why/what) (e) you think. Why don’t you come and listen to our practice tomorrow? If you don’t like it, I will cancel.” (C) “Well, did you get permission?” asked Brian as soon as Joe (entering/entered) the practice room the following day. “Um, I’m not sure,” answered Joe without confidence. “(c) You can tell us about it after practice,” Brian said as he placed his fingers on the keyboard. (Beside/Besides) him, Nick was tuning his guitar. Joe thought that he (will/would) play just one last time before telling them that (d) he might pull out of the concert. The trio (swung/swinging) into their routine, as easily as only a group that (had practiced/had been practiced) long and hard together could. (B) When they finished practicing, Joe noticed his father (stood/standing) in the corner. “Wow, that was (quite/quiet) wonderful,” he said with admiration. Master Brooks came toward his son. “I love the way you created those unique sounds while keeping the spirit of the violin. I (estimated/underestimated) the power that crossover music can create,” said Master Brooks to (b) him. Joe and his father returned home, both humming the melody that the band had been (practiced/practicing).

18. 어법 선택

Our message to you is brief, but important: Your (description/subscription) to Winston Magazine will end soon and we  (haven’t heard / haven’t been heard) from you about renewing it. We’re sure you won’t want to miss even one upcoming issue.  (Renewing/Renew) now to make sure that the service will continue. You’ll get continued delivery of the excellent  stories and  news that make Winston Magazine the fastest (growing/grown) magazine in America. To make (them/it) as easy  as possible for  you to act now, we’ve sent a reply card for you to complete. Simply send back the card today and you’ll continue to receive  your (month/monthly) issue of Winston Magazine. 

19. 어법 선택 

The Chief (called/was called) for Little Fawn to come out, and (taking/took) her right hand and Sam’s right hand and tied them  together with a small piece of leather. He gave a big yell and (was told/told) Sam, “You’re now a (marrying/married) man.”  As soon as the wedding ceremony was over, the celebration began. Fawn and Sam (sat/sitting) on blankets as young boys and  girls  began dancing (to/for) flute music and drum beats. They danced in circles (making/made) joyful sounds and shaking  their hands  with arms  (raised/rose) over their heads. Fawn rose up and joined them. People started clapping and (singing/sung). Fawn and Sam were two happy people.

20. 변형문제-어법 잘못된 것 찾기!

You can buy conditions for happiness, but you can’t buy happiness. It’s like playing tennis. You can’t buy the joy of playing  tennis at a store. You can buy the ball and the racket, but you can’t buy the joy of playing. (1)To experience the joy of tennis,  you have to learn, to train yourself to play. It’s (2)the same with writing calligraphy. You can buy  the ink, the rice paper,  and the brush,  but if you don’t cultivate the art of calligraphy, you (3)can't really do calligraphy. So calligraphy requires  practice, and you  have to train (4)you. You are happy as a calligrapher only when you have the capacity to do calligraphy.  Happiness is also like  that. You have to cultivate happiness; you cannot buy (5)it at a store. 

21.  변형문제 - 주어진 문장이 들어가기 알맞은 곳은?

[He argued that being virtuous means finding a balance.]

For almost all things in life, there can be too much of a good thing. Even the best things in life aren’t so great in excess.(가) This concept has been discussed at least as far back as Aristotle. (나) For example, people should be brave, but if  someone is too brave they become reckless. (다) People should be trusting, but if someone is too trusting they are  considered gullible. (라) For each of these traits, it is best to avoid both deficiency and excess. (마)The best way is to live  at the “sweet spot” that maximizes well­being. Aristotle’s suggestion is that virtue is the midpoint, where someone is neither too  generous nor too stingy, neither too.

22. 변형문제 - 빈칸 문제 

Certainly praise is critical to a child’s sense of self­esteem, but when given too often for too little, it kills the impact of real praise when it is called for. Everyone needs to know they are valued and appreciated, and praise is one way of expressing such feelings―but only after something praiseworthy has been accomplished. Awards are supposed to be rewards―reactions to positive actions, honors for doing something well! The ever­present danger in handing out such honors too lightly is that children may  come to depend on them and do only  those things that they know will result in prizes. If they are not sure they can do well  enough to earn merit badges, or if gifts are not guaranteed, they may                       . 

(1) be happy to act right

(2) hate their appearances

(3) like to do good things

(4) avoid certain activities

(5) be reluctant to help others 

23. 어법 선택 

If you’ve ever (seen/been seen) a tree stump, you probably noticed that the top of the stump (had/have) a series of  rings. These rings can tell us how old the tree is, and (what/that) the weather was like (during/while) each year of the tree’s  life. Because trees are sensitive to local climate conditions, such as rain and temperature, they give scientists some information about that area’s local climate in the past. For example, tree rings usually grow wider in warm, wet years  and (are/is) thinner in years (where/when) it is cold and dry. If  the tree has experienced stressful conditions, such as a drought,  the tree might hardly grow at all during that time. Very old trees in particular can offer clues about (what/that) the climate  was like long before measurements (were recorded/recorded).

24. 어법 선택 

Near an honesty box, (in which/on which) people placed coffee fund contributions, researchers at Newcastle University in the UK alternately (displayed/display) images of eyes and of flowers. Each image (was displayed/displayed) for a week at a time.  (While/During) all the weeks (in which/of which) eyes were displayed, bigger contributions were made than  during the weeks  when flowers were displayed. Over the ten weeks of the study, contributions during the ‘eyes weeks’ were  almost three times higher than (that/those) made during the ‘flowers weeks.’ It was suggested that ‘the (evolving/evolved) psychology  of cooperation is (high/highly) sensitive to subtle cues of being watched,’ and that the findings may have  implications for how to provide effective nudges toward (social/socially) beneficial outcomes.

29. 내용 일치 하지 않는 것은?

Bad lighting can increase stress on your eyes, as can light that is too bright, or light that shines directly into your eyes. Fluorescent lighting can also be tiring. What you may not appreciate is that the quality of light may also be important. Most people are happiest in bright sunshine―this may cause a release of chemicals in the body that bring a feeling  of emotional well­being. Artificial light, which typically contains only a few wavelengths of light, does not seem to have the same effect on mood  that sunlight has. Try experimenting with working by a window or using full spectrum bulbs in your desk lamp.  You will probably find that this improves the quality of your working environment.

(1) 나쁜 조명은 여러분의 눈에 스트레스를 증가시킬 수 있다.

(2) 형광등 또한 피로감을 줄 수 있다. 

(3) 대부분의 사람들은 밝은 햇빛 속에서 가장 행복하다.

(4) 햇빛은 정서적 행복감을 주는 체내의 화학물질을 분비시킬지도 모른다. 

(5) 단지 몇 개의 빛 파장만 있는 인공 조명이 분위기에 미치는 효과는 햇빛과 같을 수 있다.

30. 어법 선택 

School assignments have typically (required/been required) that students work alone. This emphasis on individual productivity (reflecting/reflected) an opinion that independence is a necessary factor for success. Having the ability to take care of oneself  without depending on others was considered a requirement for everyone. Consequently, teachers in the past less often (arranging/arranged) group work or encouraged students to acquire teamwork skills. However, (since/In) the new millennium,  businesses have experienced more global competition (that/what) requires improved productivity.  This situation has (led/been led) employers to insist that newcomers to the labor market provide evidence of traditional independence  but also interdependence (shown/show) through  teamwork skills. The challenge for educators is to ensure individual competence in basic skills (during/while) adding learning opportunities that can enable students to also perform well in teams. 

31. 순서 배열

(A) Birds can make their nests, ants can make their hills, but no other species on Earth comes close to the level of  creativity we humans display.  

(B) However, just in the last decade we have acquired the ability to do amazing things with computers, like developing  robots.  With the artificial intelligence boom of the 2010s, computers can now recognize faces, translate languages, take  calls for you, write poems, and beat players at the world’s most complicated board game, to name a few things.  All of a sudden, we must face the possibility that our ability to be creative is not unrivaled.

(C) Creativity is a skill we usually consider uniquely human. For all of human history, we have been the most creative beings  on Earth. 

32. 주어진 문장이 들어갈 곳은?

[ This can be very confusing because there would be a need to stress when to touch and when  not to touch. ]

There is a major problem with counting from 0. (1)To determine the number of objects by counting, such as determining  how many apples there are on a table, many children would touch or point to the first apple and say “one,” then move (2) on to the second apple and say “two,” and continue in this manner until all the apples are counted. (3)If we start at 0,  we would have to touch nothing and say “zero,” but then we would have to start touching apples and calling out “one, two, three” and so on.(4) If a child accidentally touches an apple while saying “zero,” then the total number of apples will be off by 1. (5)

33. 어법상 틀린 것은?

The mind is essentially a survival machine. Attack and defense against other minds, gathering, storing, and analyzing information―this is what it is good at, but it is not at all creative. All true artists (1)create from a place of no­mind, from inner stillness.  Even great scientists (2)have reported that their creative breakthroughs came at a time of mental quietude. The surprising result of a nationwide  inquiry among America’s most famous mathematicians, (3)includes Einstein, to find out  their working methods, was that thinking “plays only a subordinate part in the brief, decisive phase of the creative act itself.”  So I would say that the simple reason (4)why the majority of scientists are not creative is not because they don’t know how to  think, but because they don’t know how to stop (5)thinking.

34.  주어진 문장이 들어갈 곳은?

[ However, you suddenly see a group of six people enter one of them. ]

We are more likely to eat in a restaurant if we know that it is usually busy. Even when nobody tells us a restaurant is good,  our herd behavior determines our decision­making. (1) Let’s suppose you walk toward two empty restaurants.  You do not know which one to enter. (2) Which one are you more likely to enter, the empty one or the other one? (3) Most  people would go into the restaurant with people in it. (4)Let’s suppose you and a friend go into that restaurant. (5) Now, it  has eight people in it. Others see that one restaurant is empty and the other has eight people in it .So, they decide to do  the same as the other eight.

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