초등 중등 고등 영어 자료실

3강 1번

다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

On a large scale,                 plays a big role in the economic health of every nation on Earth.

큰 규모에서, 날씨는 지구상 모든 나라의 경제적 건실함에 큰 역할을 한다.

A timely soaking rain can rescue a crop from ruin, while a sudden cloudburst can wash it away.

시기적절하게 흠뻑 적시는 비는 농작물을 파멸로부터 구해 낼 수 있지만, 갑작스러운 폭우는 농작물을 유실시킬 수도 있다.

And farmers aren’t the only ones at risk ; those who depend on natural gas for heat often watch in dismay as a particularly cold winter sends prices skyward.

그리고 농부들이 위험에 처한 유일한 사람들인 것은 아닌데, 천연 가스에 난방을 의존하는 사람들은 특별히 추운 겨울이 가격을 치솟게 할 때 자주 낙담하여 지켜본다.

Hurricanes can drive tourists away from areas that depend on a regular influx of visitors for their livelihoods.

허리케인은 방문객들의 지속적인 유입에 생계를 의존하는 지역에서 관광객들을 쫓아 버릴 수 있다.

Even a gentle phenomenon like fog can result in disaster, as the captains of the Andrea Doria and the Stockholm learned one fateful July night in 1956.

Andrea Doria호와 Stockholm호의 선장들이 1956년 운명 적인 7월 어느 날 밤에 깨닫게 된 것처럼, 심지어 안개와 같은 심하지 않은 현상도 재난을 일으킬 수 있다.

And during the Dust Bowl of 1936, one of the hottest and driest summers ever recorded, more than 15,000 people died of malnutrition and dust-related diseases.

그리고 이제까지 기록된 가장 덥고 건조했던 여름들 중의 하나인 1936년의 ‘황진 시대’ 동안 에, 15,000명이 넘는 사람들이 영양실조와 먼지 관련 질병으로 사망했다.

* cloudburst (갑작스러운) 폭우 ** influx 유입

(1) water

(2) erosion

(3) weather

(4) air pollution

(5) global warming

어법문제

On a large scale, weather (plays/is played) a big role in the (economic/economical) health of every nation on Earth.

A (timely/time) soaking rain can rescue a crop from ruin, (while/so) a sudden cloudburst can wash it away.

And farmers aren’t the only (one/ones) at risk ; those who depend on natural gas for heat often (watching/watch) in dismay as a particularly cold winter (is sent/sends) prices skyward.

Hurricanes can drive tourists away from areas that (are depended/depend) on a regular influx of visitors for their livelihoods.

Even a gentle phenomenon like fog can result in disaster, as the captains of the Andrea Doria and the Stockholm (learning/learned) one fateful July night in 1956.

And (during/while) the Dust Bowl of 1936, one of the hottest and driest summers ever (record/recorded), more than 15,000 people died of malnutrition and dust-related diseases.

3강 2번

Defining                   for deep-sea fishes is problematic.

심해어류에 엄밀한 상위 수심 경계선을 규정하는 것은 문제가 많다.

Below 1000 m, the oceans are totally devoid of solar light, the temperature is generally less than 4°C and there is no doubt that fishes living in these cold dark conditions can be considered to be deep-sea species.

1,000미터 아래에서 바다는 태양 빛이 전혀 없고, 온도는 대개 섭씨 4도 미만인데, 그래서 이러한 차갑고 깜깜한 환경에서 사는 물고기들이 심해 어종으로 간주될 수 있다는 것은 의심의 여지가 없다.

However, between 200 and 1000 m there is a transition zone where, although there may be sufficient light for vision using highly sensitive specially adapted eyes, life is more or less unsustainable for normal surface-dwelling fishes.

하지만 200미터에서 1,000미터 사이에서는, (빛에) 매우 민감한 특별히 적응한 눈을 사용하는 시력에는 빛이 충분할 수 있지만, 표층에 사는 보통 어류에게 삶이 거의 지속 불가능한 전이대가 있다.

This zone contains some of the most interesting deep-sea fishes that are obviously different from shallow species.

이 전이대에는 얕은 수심의 어종들과는 확연히 다른 가장 흥미로운 심해어류의 일부가 있다.

Despite living deep, many species have eggs that float to the surface so that larvae can develop in the plentiful food supply in the surface layers.

깊은 곳에 살고 있음에도 불구하고, 많은 어종들에게는 자어(仔魚)가 표층에서 풍부하게 먹이가 공급되는 상태 에서 자랄 수 있도록 수면으로 떠오르는 알이 있다.

In the open ocean many deep-sea fishes migrate towards the surface at night and descend again at dawn to pass the day in darkness and the cold waters below.

외해(外海)에서 많은 심해어류는 밤에 수면을 향하여 이동하고, 새벽에 다시 내려가서 어둠 속에서 그리고 아래쪽의 차가운 바다에서 낮을 지낸다.

Thus deep-sea fishes do not necessarily pass their entire life cycle in the deep sea, and adults may not be restricted entirely to depths greater than 200 m.

따라서 심해어류는 그들의 생애 주기 전체를 반드시 심해에서 보내지는 않으며, 성어(成魚)들이 전적으로 200미터보다 더 대단한 심해로 제한되지는 않을 수 있다.

(1) main food sources

(2) conservation priorities

(3) a typical migratory pattern

(4) a strict upper depth boundary

(5) an appropriate temperature range

어법문제

(Defining/Define) a strict upper depth boundary for deep-sea fishes is problematic.

Below 1000 m, the oceans are totally devoid of solar light, the temperature is generally less than 4°C and there is no doubt (that/where) fishes living in these cold dark conditions can (consider/be considered) to be deep-sea species.

However, between 200 and 1000 m there is a transition zone (where/which), although there may be sufficient light for vision using highly sensitive specially (adapting/adapted) eyes, life is more or less unsustainable for normal surface-dwelling fishes.

This zone contains some of the most interesting deep-sea fishes that are obviously different (from/to) shallow species.

Despite living deep, many species have eggs that (float/floating) to the surface (so that/because) larvae can develop in the plentiful food supply in the surface layers.

In the open ocean many deep-sea fishes (migrate/migrated) towards the surface at night and (descended/descend) again at dawn to pass the day in darkness and the cold waters below.

Thus deep-sea fishes do not necessarily pass their entire life cycle in the deep sea, and adults may not (be restricted/restrict) entirely to depths greater than 200 m.

3강 3번

There are no general strategies for conducting an argument because the specific something arguments are always about will always be embedded in a social or institutional setting in relation to which some, but not all, strategies will be relevant and, at least potentially, effective.

논쟁을 하기 위한 일반적인 전략은 없는데, 왜냐하면 논쟁이 항상 대상으로 삼는 어떤 특정한 것은 으레 사회적 혹은 제도적 배경 속에 깊이 박혀 있을 것이며 그 배경과 관련하여 전부는 아닌 일부의 전략이 적절하고 적어도 잠재적으로 효과적일 것이기 때문이다.

In the political arena, one tried-and-true strategy is to damage the reputation of your opponent, accusing him or her of all manner of crimes, lies, betrayals, improprieties, and failures of judgment.

정치 활동 무대에서 유효성이 증명된 하나의 전략은 여러분의 상대를 온갖 종류의 범죄, 거짓말, 배반, 부적절한 행동, 그리고 판단 실패에 대해 비난하면서 그 상대의 평판에 손상을 주는 것이다.

But if you do that in an academic argument — an argument between two scholars about the interpretation of a poem or the correct account of a historical event — you might be rebuked and sent away because you will have disregarded the decorum of the academic game.

하지만, 여러분이 어떤 시의 이해에 관한, 혹은 어떤 역사적 사건의 적절한 설명에 관한 두 학자들 사이의 논쟁과 같은 학문적인 논쟁에서 그렇게 한다면, 여러분은 학문적인 활동의 예의를 무시했을 것이므로 책망을 받고는 쫓겨날지도 모른다.

The ways of argument are                      and while there are surely some general things to be said about argument, and an entire intellectual tradition called rhetoric dedicated to saying them, in the end the study of argument will be a study of the various contexts in which one encounters argument in its various forms.

논쟁의 방식은 상황에 따라 특유하며, 분명히, 논쟁에 관해 이야기되는 몇몇 일반적인 것들과 그것들을 이야기하는 데에 전념하는 수사법이라 불리는 온전한 하나의 지적 전통이 있지만, 결국 논쟁의 연구는 논쟁을 다양한 형태로 마주치게 되는 다양한 상황에 관한 연구가 될 것이다.

(1) culture-free

(2) value-neutral

(3) rhetoric-based

(4) context-specific

(5) etiquette-sensitive

어법문제

There are no general strategies for conducting an argument because the specific something arguments are always about will always (embed/be embedded) in a social or institutional setting in relation (to which/of which) some, but not all, strategies will be relevant and, at least potentially, effective.

In the political arena, one tried-and-true strategy is to damage the reputation of your opponent, (accusing/accused) him or her of all manner of crimes, lies, betrayals, improprieties, and failures of judgment.

But if you do that in an academic argument — an argument between two scholars about the interpretation of a poem or the correct account of a historical event — you might (be rebuked/rebuke) and (sent/sending) away because you will have disregarded the decorum of the academic game.

The ways of argument are context-specific and while there are surely some general things to be said about argument, and an entire intellectual tradition called rhetoric (dedicating/dedicated) to saying them, in the end the study of argument will be a study of the various contexts (to which/in which) one encounters argument in its various forms

3강 4번

Today, most of our planet’s big animals live in industrial farms.

오늘날, 우리 행성의 큰 동물들의 대부분은 산업식 사육장에서 산다.

We imagine that the earth is populated by lions, elephants, and penguins, roaming freely across vast savannas and oceans.

우리는 광대한 사바나와 대양 전역을 자유롭게 돌아다니는 사자들, 코끼리들 그리고 펭귄들이 지구에 살고 있다고 상상한다.

That may be true of the National Geographic channel, Disney movies, and children’s fairy tales, but it is no longer true of the real world outside the TV screen.

그것은 아마도 내셔널 지오그래픽 채널, 디즈니 영화, 그리고 아이들의 동화에는 해당할지 모르지만, 더 이상 텔레비전 화면 밖의 실제 세계에는 해당하지 않는다.

The world contains forty thousand lions and one billion domesticated pigs ; five hundred thousand elephants and 1.5 billion domesticated cows ; fifty million penguins and fifty billion chickens.

세계에는 4만 마리의 사자와 10억 마리의 사육되는 돼지가, 50만 마리의 코끼리와 15억 마리의 사육되는 소가, 5천만 마리의 펭귄과 500억 마리의 닭이 있다.

In 2009, a census counted 1.6 billion wild birds in Europe, including all species together.

2009년에, 유럽에서는 개체 수 조사에서 모든 종을 죄다 포함해 16억 마리의 야생 조류의 수가 파악되었다.

That same year, the European meat and egg industry raised close to seven billion chickens.

같은해에유럽의육류및달걀산업은거의70억 마리의 닭을 사육했다.

A large portion of vertebrate animals living on our planet are no longer free-living but rather                        .

우리행성에사는척추동물의많은부분은더이상 자유롭게 살지 않고, 오히려 호모 사피엔스[인간]라는 하나의 동물에 의해 소유되고 통제된다.

(1) are locked up in small steel-and-concrete cages: zoos
(2) are owned and controlled by one animal: Homo sapiens
(3) are imprisoned in their natural habitats surrounded by humans
(4) are constantly chased by heavily armed predators: Homo sapiens
(5) are exploited as fictional characters, often symbolizing Homo sapiens

어법문제

Today, most of our planet’s big animals live in industrial farms.

We imagine that the earth (is populated by/populates) lions, elephants, and penguins, (roamed/roaming) freely across vast savannas and oceans.

That may be true of the National Geographic channel, Disney movies, and children’s fairy tales, but it is no longer true of the real world outside the TV screen.

The world (contains/contained) forty thousand lions and one billion (domesticated/domesticating) pigs ; five hundred thousand elephants and 1.5 billion (domesticated/domesticating) cows ; fifty million penguins and fifty billion chickens.

In 2009, a census (counting/counted) 1.6 billion wild birds in Europe, including all species together.

That same year, the European meat and egg industry (rose/raised) close to seven billion chickens.

A large portion of vertebrate animals living on our planet are no longer free-living but rather (are owned/own) and (controlling/controlled) by one animal: Homo sapiens

3강 5번

Political acts vary in their capacity .

정치적 행위들은 시민들이 무엇을 원하고 필요로 하는지에 대한 정보를 전달하는 능력에서 각기 다르다.

The vote is a notably blunt instrument of communication.

투표는 특히 무딘 의사소통 수단이다.

Although winning candidates often claim a “mandate,” in truth they usually have only an imprecise understanding of what was on the minds of the voters who placed them in office.

승리한 후보들이 자주 ‘위임받은 권한’을 주장하지만, 사실 그들은 대개 자신들을 공직에 앉혀 준 유권자들의 마음에 있는 것을 부정확하게 이해할 뿐이다.

In contrast, the many forms of direct expression of preferences — a sign at a demonstration, an e-mail to a senator’s office, a prepared statement at a meeting of the local zoning board — can communicate clear and, in some circumstances, quite specific messages.

그에반해서,선호하는바에대한여러직접표현 방식들은, 가령 시위에서의 팻말, 상원 의원 사무실로 보내는 이메일, 지역 구획 위원회 회의에서의 미리 준비된 진술은, 분명하고 일부 상황에서는 꽤 구체적인 메시지를 전달해줄 수 있다.

Organized interests are especially likely to communicate detailed information when they contact public officials, and this information frequently helps in the process of policy formation, although it presents a particular point of view.

조직화된 이익 집단은 공무원과 접촉할 때 상세한 정보를 전달할 가능성이 특히 있는데, 이런 정보는 특정한 관점을 보여줄지라도 정책 형성 과정에서 자주 도움이 된다.

(1) to help put a proposed policy into effect
(2) to organize people based on their real interests
(3) to persuade voters to vote for a particular candidate
(4) to get a qualified and prepared candidate into office
(5) to convey information about what citizens want and need

어법문제

Political acts (vary/varied) in their capacity to convey information about (why/what) citizens want and need.

The vote is a notably blunt instrument of communication.

Although winning candidates often claim a “mandate,” in truth they usually have only an imprecise (understood/understanding) of what was on the minds of the voters who (are placed/placed) them in office.

In contrast, the many forms of direct expression of preferences — a sign at a demonstration, an e-mail to a senator’s office, a prepared statement at a meeting of the local zoning board — can communicate clear and, in some circumstances, quite specific messages.

(Organized/Organizing) interests are especially likely to communicate detailed information (when/how) they contact public officials, and this information frequently (helps/help) in the process of policy formation, (because/although) it presents a particular point of view.

3강 6번

During their second year, children learn to use the words old and young, which indicate that they have appropriated the age dimension.

생후 두 번째 해에 아이들은 ‘old’와 ‘young’과 같은 단어를 쓰게 되는데, 이 단어들은 그들이 ‘나이라는 차원’을 사용했다는 것을 나타낸다.

They can use this dimension to classify people.

그들은 이 같은 차원을 이용하여 사람들을 분류할 수 있다.

(A) , an understanding of an abstract time domain develops much later.

하지만,추상적인 시간 영역에 대한 이해는 훨씬 더 늦게 발달한다.

Spatial metaphors for time are ubiquitous : it is difficult to talk about time without using words that originate from the visuospatial domain.

시간에 대한 공간적 비유는 어디에나 존재하며, 시공간적 영역에서 유래한 단어를 사용하지 않고 시간에 대해 이야기하기란 어렵다.

Jean Piaget emphasizes that “time and space form an inseparable whole” in children’s minds.

Jean Piaget는 아이들의 생각 속에서 ‘시간과 공간은 불가분한 통일체를 형성한다’고 강조한다.

In other words, young children cannot treat space and time as separate domains.

다시 말해, 어린아이들은 공간과 시간을 분리된 영역으로 다룰 수 없다.

This situation parallels the dimensions of height and volume, which are inseparable for preschool children but become separable when children learn that volume is a conservative dimension.

이 상황은 높이와 부피라는 차원과 유사한데, 높이와 부피의 차원이 취학 전 아이들에게는 분리할 수 없는 것이지만, 아이들이 부피가 보존되는 차원이라는것을배우면분리할수있는것이된다.

(B) , space and time start as a single metric that becomes gradually differentiated into two separable domains.

마찬가지로,공간과 시간은 점차 두개의 분리 가능한 영역으로 구별되는 하나의 측정 기준으로 시작된다.

(1) However - In contrast

(2) For example - In fact

(3) For example - Similarly

(4) However - Similarly

(5) Moreover - In contrast

어법문제 

(While/During) their second year, children learn to use the words old and young, (where/which) indicate that they (have been appropriated/have appropriated  the age dimension.

They can use this dimension (classifying/to classify) people.
However, an understanding of an abstract time domain (is developed/develops) much later.

Spatial metaphors for time are ubiquitous : it is difficult to talk about time without (using/used) words that (originating/originate) from the visuospatial domain.

Jean Piaget emphasizes that “time and space form an (inseparable/inspectable) whole” in children’s minds.

In other words, young children cannot (be treated/treat) space and time as separate domains.

This situation parallels the dimensions of height and volume, (which/that) are (inseparable/inspectable) for preschool children but become separable when children learn (what/that) volume is a conservative dimension.

Similarly, space and time start as a single metric that becomes gradually (different/differentiated) into two separable domains.

2-7.  다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

An entrepreneur can come up with her “big idea” — and in social enterprise, it can be big across the profit or the social-good dimension, or both — and pour her savings and personal credit into it.

기업가는 자신의 ‘대단한 아이디어’를 생각해 낼 수 있는데, 사회적 기업에서는 그것이 이윤이나 사회적 선행 차원, 또는 둘 다에 있어서 대단할 수 있으며, 기업가는 그것에 자신의 저축과 개인 신용을 쏟아 부을 수 있다.

But this bootstrapping has obvious limits.

하지만 이렇게 자력으로 해결하려는 것에는 명백한 한계가 있다.

Depending on the entrepreneur’s personal network, friends and family may provide additional investment to help her get up and running, produce early proof of concept, or operate a single location.

기업가의 개인 네트워크, 친구 그리고 가족에 의존 하는 것은 기업가가 정상적으로 영업을 하거나, 개념 증명을 초기에 내놓거나, 단일 장소를 경영하도록 돕기 위한 추가적인 투자금을 제공할 수 있다.

Other than for the independently wealthy and exceedingly well connected, though, a successful business will reach a point where it requires                        .

그러나 자립적으로 부유하고 연줄이 월등히 좋은 사람들을 제외하고, 성공적인 사업체는 외부 투자가 필요한 시점에 다다를 것이다.

When this moment arrives will depend on the industry in which a business operates as well as the entrepreneur’s own balance sheet.

이시점이언제오는지는기업가 자신의 대차 대조표 뿐만 아니라 사업체가 운영되는 산업 분야에 달려 있을 것이다.

Whether an entrepreneur needs to find investors to support prototype development, geographic expansion, increasing market share, or some other strategy, seeking scale requires access to capital.

시제품 개발, 지리적 확장, 증가하는 시장 점유율 또는 다른 기타 전략을 지원할 투자자들을 찾을 필요가 기업가에게 있든지 간에, 규모를 키우려면 자본의 이용이 필요하다.

* bootstrapping 자력으로 해결하기 ** balance sheet 대차 대조표 *** prototype 시제품, 시작품

(1) quality control

(2) legal consultation

(3) statistical literacy

(4) eligible employees

(5) outside investment

어법문제  

An entrepreneur can come up with her “big idea” — and in social enterprise, it can be big across the profit or the social-good dimension, or both — and (pour/pouring/poured) her savings and personal credit into it.

But this bootstrapping has obvious limits.

(Depended/Depending) on the entrepreneur’s personal network, friends and family may (provide/be provided) additional investment (to help/helpin) her get up and running, produce early proof of concept, or (operating/operate) a single location.

Other than for the independent wealthy and exceedingly well connecting, though, a successful business will reach a point when it requires. (틀린단어3)

When this moment arriving will depend on the industry in where a business operates as well as the entrepreneur’s own balance sheet. (틀린단어2)

Whether an entrepreneur needs to find investors (to support/to be supported) prototype development, geographic expansion, (increased/increasing) market share, or some other strategy, (seek/seeking) scale requires access to capital.

2-8. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

There is no single philosophical method that all philosophers share.

모든 철학자가 공유하는 하나의 철학적 방법론은 없다.

In fact, philosophers have long disagreed so deeply about the best or proper way to do philosophy that sometimes they even claim that their own particular philosophical method produces the only real philosophy ; the rest is either worthless or belongs to some other discipline.

사실, 철학자들은 철학을 하는 가장 좋은 또는 올바른 방법에 관해 오랫동안 매우 극심하게 뜻이 맞지 않아서 가끔은 심지어 그들 자신의 특정한 철학적 방법론이 유일한 ‘진짜 철학’을 낳으며, 나머지는 가치 없거나, 다른 어떤 학문 분야에 속한다고 주장하기도 한다.

Contemporary philosophers of many kinds (traditional, postmodern, feminist, and others) debate what kind of philosophy is worth doing at all.

많은 종류(전통, 포스트모던, 페미니스트 등)의 현대 철학자들은 도대체 어떤 종류의 철학이 할 가치가 있는지를 논쟁한다.

Similarly, neither do all feminists in general nor feminist philosophers in particular                         .

마찬가지로, 일반적인 모든 페미니스트나 특별히 페미니스트 철학자들은 하나의 방법론에 합의하지 않는다.

Although consciousness raising is extremely valuable for feminists (even sometimes considered to be the core of feminist method), it is rarely used alone in feminist scholarship.

비록 페미니스트에게는 의식 고양이 매우 유용하지만(심지어 때로는 페미니스트 방법론의 핵심으로 여겨지기도 함), 그것이 페미니스트 학문에서 단독으로 사용되는 경우는 거의 없다.

Instead, it is combined with numerous disciplinary approaches.

그 대신에, 그것은 다수의 학문적 방법과 결합된다.

In addition, feminist philosophers have various methodological preferences within philosophical traditions.

게다가, 페미니스트 철학자들은 철학적 전통 내에서 방법론적인 선호가 각양각색이다.

* bootstrapping 자력으로 해결하기 ** balance sheet 대차 대조표 *** prototype 시제품, 시작품

(1) openly criticize others

(2) agree on a single method

(3) consider their work practical

(4) defend their method of thinking

(5) become famous for their protests

어법문제

There is no single philosophy method that all philosophers shares.(2)

In fact, philosophers have long (disagreeing/disagreed) so (deep/deeply) about the best or proper way to do philosophy that sometimes they even claim that their own particular philosophical method produces the only real philosophy ; the rest is either worthless or belongs (x /to) some other discipline.

Contemporary philosophers of many kinds (traditional, postmodern, feminist, and others) debate what kind of philosophy is worth doing at all.

Similarly, neither are all feminists in general or feminist philosophers in particular .(2)

Although consciousness raising is extremely valuable for feminists (even sometimes consider to be the core of feminist method), it is rarely using alone in feminist scholarship.(2)

Instead, it is combined with numerous disciplinary approaches.

In addition, feminist philosophers have various methodological preferences within philosophical traditions.

2-9.  다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

Given the dominance of economics in public life, it is no surprise that so many university students, if given the chance, __________.

공적 생활에서 경제학의 우세를 고려해볼 때, 아주 많은 대학생들이 기회가 주어진다면 자신의 교육 일부로 (경제학을) 약간은 공부하기로 선택한다는 사실은 놀랄 일이 아니다.

Every year, around five million college students in the United States alone graduate with at least one economics course under their belts.

매년, 미국에서만 대략 오백만 명의 대학생들이 적어도 하나의 경제학 과목은 경험하고 졸업 한다.

A standard introductory course that originated in the United States — and is widely known as Econ 101 — is now taught throughout the world, with students from China to Chile learning from translations of the very same textbooks used in Chicago and Cambridge, Massachusetts.

미국에서 시작된, 그리고 Econ 101로 널리 알려진 표준 입문 과목을 이제 전 세계에서 가르치고 있으며, 중국에서부터 칠레의 학생에 이르기까지 시카고와 매사추세츠주(州)의 케임브리지에서 사용되는 바로 그 똑같은 교과서의 번역본으로 배운다.

For all of these students, Econ 101 has become a staple part of a broad education, whether they then head off to become an entrepreneur or doctor, journalist or political activist.

이 모든 학생들에게, Econ 101은 그들이 그 뒤에 (대학을) 떠나서 기업가나 의사, 언론인이나 정치 활동가가 되든지 간에 폭넓은 교육의 주요한 일부가 되었다.

Even for those who never study economics, the language and mindset of Econ 101 so pervades public debate that it shapes the way that we all think about the economy : what it is, how it works, and what it is for.

심지어 경제학을 절대 공부하지 않는 학생들에게조 차도, Econ 101의 언어와 사고방식은 공개 토론에 매우 만연해 있어서 그것은 우리 모두가 경제에 관해 생각하는 방식, 즉 그것이 무엇인지, 어떻게 작용하는지, 그리고 무엇을 위한 것인지에 대한 생각을 형성한다.

(1)choose to further their studies abroad
(2) are encouraged to take up a related job
(3) opt to study a little as part of their education
(4) are willing to share their biggest financial struggles
(5) exercise their political rights through economic earnings

어법문제

(Giving/Given) the dominance of economics in public life, it is no surprise that so many university students, if (giving/given) the chance,             .

Every year, around five million college students in the United States alone (graduated/graduate) with at least one economics course under their belts.

A standard introductory course that (originates/originated) in the United States — and is widely known (to/as )Econ 101 — is now taught throughout the world, with students from China to Chile (learned/learning) from translations of the very same textbooks used in Chicago and Cambridge, Massachusetts.

For all of these students, Econ 101 (became/has become) a staple part of a broad education, whether they then head off to become an entrepreneur or doctor, journalist or political activist.

Even for those who never study economics, the language and mindset of Econ 101 so pervades public debate that it shapes the way that we all think about the economy

: what it is, how it works, and what it is for.

2-10.  다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

Speaking of marrying creativity and business, I’ve discovered that a rock star and a brain surgeon have something in common.

창의력과 사업을 결합시키는 것에 관해 말하자면, 나는 록스타와 뇌전문 외과 의사가 공통점이 있다는 사실을 알아냈다.

It’s not that either one would be particularly good at the other’s craft (and I’m not sure which crossover would produce the more disastrous results), but rather that each one is capable of performing his craft brilliantly, and generating huge sums of money, without the need for any financial skills.

그것은 둘 중의 어느 하나가 상대방의 기술에 특별히 능숙할 것이라는 게 아니라 (그리고 나는 어떤 식의 걸치기가 더 처참한 결과를 낳을지 확신할 수 없다), 오히려 어떠한 재정적인 기술을 필요로 하지 않고서도 각각이 자신의 기술을 훌륭하게 수행하며 막대한 액수의 돈을 벌어 들일 수 있다는 점이다.

In most businesses, before you can start earning big money, you have to be pretty well schooled in how the business works.

대부분의 사업체에서는, 많은 돈을 벌기 시작할 수 있게 되기 전에, 그 사업체가 어떻게 돌아가는지에 대해 교육을 대단히 잘 받았어야 한다.

For example, if you open up a shoe store, you have to work up a budget, negotiate a lease, bargain for the price of the shoes, and so forth — all before you smell that first foot.

예를 들어, 만약 여러분이 신발 가게를 연다면, 여러분은 그 첫 번째 발의 냄새를 맡기 전에(첫 번째 신발 고객을 맞이하기 전에) 예산을 세워야 하고, 임대차 계약을 성사시켜야 하고, 신발의 가격을 흥정해야 하고, 기타 등등을 전부 해야 한다.

But in entertainment, as in surgery, you can                   .

하지만 엔터테인먼트에서는, 외과 의술에서와 마찬가지로, 어떠한 사업적 전문 지식 없이도 정상에 오를 수 있다.

(1) avoid making mistakes through preparation

(2) benefit from a professional training program

(3) experience the newest frontier in the industry

(4) soar to the top without any business expertise

(5) get sponsorship from a local or state organization

어법문제

Speaking of (married.marrying) creativity and business, I’ve discovered that a rock star and a brain surgeon (having/have) something in common.

It’s not that either one would be particular good at the other’s craft (and I’m not sure who crossover would produce the more disastrous results), but rather that each of one is capable of performing his craft brilliant, and generating huge sums of money, without the need for any financial skills.(4)

In most businesses, before you can start earning big money, you have to be prettily well schooling in how the business works.(2)

For example, if you open up a shoe store, you have to work up a budget, (negotiate/negotiating) a lease, bargain for the price of the shoes, and so forth — all before you smell that first foot.

But in entertainment, as in surgery, you can                   .

2-11. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

Academic work is by its nature never done ; while flexibility of hours is one of the privileges of our work, it can easily translate into working all the time or feeling that one should.

학문은 본질적으로 절대 끝나지 않는다 : 시간에 대한 융통성이 우리가 하는 일의 특권 중 하나이지만, 그것은 항상 일하는 것 또는 항상 일해야 한다고 느끼는 것으로 쉽게 이어질 수 있다.

Mary Morris Heiberger and Julia Miller Vick note this paradox
: “Despite their heavy workloads, academics have more freedom to structure their own time than practically anyone else in the economy.

Mary Morris Heiberger와 Julia Miller Vick은 이러한 역설에 관해 다음과 같이 언급한다.
: “과중한 업무량에도 불구하고, 교수들은 경제 체제 내에서 거의 다른 누구보다도 자신만의 시간을 조직화할 수 있는 자유를 더 갖고 있다.

For some people, this is the great advantage of the career path ; for others, it is a source of stress.”

몇몇 사람들에게는 이것이 그 진로의 큰 장점이며, 다른 사람들에게는 이것이 스트레스의 근원이다.”

Furthermore, given the time and money required to get a PhD and its uncertain economic returns, it is clear that most of us pursue an academic career for idealistic, rather than pragmatic, reasons.

더 나아가,박사학위를 얻기 위해 요구되는 시간과 돈 그리고 그것의 불확실한 경제적 수익을 고려해볼 때, 우리 대부분이 실용적인 이유라기보다는, 이상적인 이유로 학자로서의 직업을 추구하는 것이 분명하다.

And while believing in what one does is a key aspect of job satisfaction, idealism also can lead to overwork.

그리고 하는 일의 가치를 믿는 것이 직업만족감의 중요한 측면이지만, 이상주의는 또한 과로로 이어질 수 있다.

The irony is that the more committed we are to our vocation, the more likely it is that                        .

아이러니하게도, 우리의 직업에 더 많이 헌신할수록, 시간적 스트레스와 극도의 피로를 경험할 가능성이 더 커진다.

* pragmatic 실용적인

(1) we may be rejected from the society

(2) we won’t be facing life’s trivial matters

(3) we can achieve the security that we desire 

(4) we will experience time stress and burnout

(5) we will fulfill our responsibilities as citizens

어법문제

Academic work is by its nature never done ; while flexibility of hours is one of the privileges of our work, it can easily (be translated/translate) into working all the time or (felt/feeling) that one should.

Mary Morris Heiberger and Julia Miller Vick note this paradox
: “Although their heavy workloads, academics have more freedom to structure their own time than practical anyone else in the economy.(2)

For some people, this is the great advantage of the career path ; for others, it is a source of stress.”

Furthermore, (giving/given) the time and money (requires/required) to get a PhD and its uncertain economic returns, it is clear that most of us (to pursue/pursue) an academic career for idealistic, rather than pragmatic, reasons.

And while believing in what one does (to be/is) a key aspect of job satisfaction, idealism also can lead to overwork.

The irony is that the more committed we are (x/to) our vocation, the more likely it is that                        .

2-12. 다음 글의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

All the branches of science such as life sciences, botany, zoology, physiology, physics, chemistry, agriculture and geology, etc. are correlated and interrelated with each other.

생명 과학, 식물학, 동물학, 생리학, 물리학, 화학, 농학, 그리고 지질학 등과 같은 과학의 모든 분야는 서로 연관되어 있고 상호 관계되어 있다.

(A) , if we are studying a geology lesson on the rocks and minerals of the Earth, then we must be studying the chemical composition, structure and properties of these rocks and minerals.

예를들어,만약우리가지구의암석과광물에관한 지질학 단원을 공부하고 있다면, 그렇다면 우리는 이런 암석과 광물의 화학적 구성, 구조와 성질을 공부하고 있을 것이 틀림없다.

Similarly, in the study of agriculture, the knowledge of rocks and chemicals is involved.

마찬가지로, 농학 공부에서도, 암석과 화학 물질에 관한 지식이 포함되어 있다.

The study of rocks and soil helps in choosing different types of soils for different crops.

암석과 토양에 관한 공부는 각각 다른 농작물에 대한 다른 종류의 토양을 선택하는 데에 도움이 된다.

The knowledge of chemistry helps us in determining different types of manures.

화학에 관한 지식은 우리가 각기 다른 종류의 거름을 결정하는 데 도움을 준다.

(B) , it is always worthwhile to deal with different branches of science in a unified manner for the benefit of students.

그러므로 학생을 위해 과학의 여러 다른 분야들을 통일된 방식으로 다루는 것은 항상 가치가 있다.

It is necessary to bring out correlation of one branch of science with another branch to make science education more meaningful and effective.

과학 교육을 더욱 의미 있고 효과적으로 만들기 위해 과학의 한 분야와 다른 분야와의 연관성을 끌어내는 것이 필요하다.

* manure (동물의 배설물로 만든) 거름

(1) Instead - Moreover 

(2) Instead - Therefore

(3) Conversely -  However

(4) For example - However

(5) For example - Therefore

어법문제

All the branches of science such as life sciences, botany, zoology, physiology, physics, chemistry, agriculture and geology, etc. are (correlating/correlated) and (interrelating/interrelated) with each other.

(A) , if we are studying a geology lesson on the rocks and minerals of the Earth, then we must be (study/studying) the chemical composition, structure and properties of these rocks and minerals.

Similarly, in the study of agriculture, the knowledge of rocks and chemicals is (involving/involved).

The study of rocks and soil (helps/help) in choosing different types of soils for different crops.

The knowledge of chemistry (help/helps) us in determining different types of manures.

(B) , it is always worthwhile (dealing/to deal) with different branches of science in a unified manner for the benefit of students.

(That/It) is necessary to bring out correlation of one branch of science with another branch to make science education more meaningful and effective.

2-1 .다음 빈 칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

Emotions are an important link between human nature and culture.

감정은 인간의 본성과 문화를 연결하는 중요한 고리이다.

The analysis of the place of emotions in human behavior has an extensive history.

인간의 행동에서 감정의 위치에 대한 분석은 긴 역사를 가지고 있다.

It starts appropriately with Darwin and his 1872 book The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals.

그것이 다윈과 그의 1872년의 책 ‘The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals’로 시작한다는 것은 적절하다.

Darwin believed that many, though not all, emotional expressions in humans are ______________.

다윈은 전부는 아니더라도 인간의 많은 감정의 표현들은 선천적이라고 믿었다.

In making his case, Darwin drew on four kinds of evidence.

자기주장의 정당성을 입증할때 ,다윈은 네가지 종류의 증거를 이용했다.

He pointed out that some emotional expressions appear in similar form in many nonhuman animals.

그는 일부 감정의 표현들은 인간 이외의 많은 동물들에게 비슷한 형태로 나타난다고 지적했다.

Some emotions also appear in very youn children before much opportunity for cultural learning has occurred.

일부 감정들은 또한 문화학습의 많은 기회가 생기기 전에 매우 어린 아이들에게 나타나기도 한다.

Moreover, some are expressed in identical ways by humans born blind and thus unalbe to mimic the appearance of a gesture or expression.

더욱이 어떤 것들은 시각장애인으로 태어나서 몸동작이나 (감정) 표현의 모습을 흉내 낼 수 없는 인간에 의해 동일한 방식으로 표현된다.

Finally, many emotional expressions appear in similar from across all human groups.

마지막으로 많은 감정의 표현 들은 모든 인간의 집단에 두루 비슷한 형태로 나타난다.

Smiling is an example of an emotion that offers all four of these kinds of evidence.

미소짓는것은 이런 모든 네가지 종류의 증거를 제공하는 감정의 한 사례 이다.

(1) innate

(2) functional

(3) predictive

(4) contagious

(5) unreadable

어법고르기문제

Emotions are an important link between human nature and culture.

The analysis of the place of emotions in human behavior (have/has) an extensive history.

It starts appropriately with Darwin and his 1872 book The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals.

Darwin believed that many, though not all, emotional expressions in humans are ______________.

In making his case, Darwin drew on four kinds of evidence.

He pointed out that some emotional expressions (appeared/appear) in similar form in many nonhuman animals.

Some emotions also appear in very youn children before (many/much) opportunity for cultural learning (occurred/has occurred).

Moreover, some are (expressing/expressed) in identical ways (to/by) humans born blind and thus unalbe to mimic the appearance of a gesture or expression.

Finally, many emotional expressions (are appeared/appear) in similar from across all human groups.

Smiling is an example of an emotion that (is offered/offers) all four of these kinds of evidence.

2-2. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

Different bacterial species need different nutrients ; some prefer sugar, and others live off fat.

서로 다른 박테리아 종에게는 서로 다른 영양소가 필요하다. 어떤 것들은 당분을 선호하고, 다른 것들은 지방으로 살아간다.

But they not only fight with one another for food, and to retain a foothold in the ecosystem.

그러나 그것들은 먹이를 얻기 위해서, 그리고 생태계 내에서 발판을 유지하기 위해서, 서로 간에 싸우기만 하는 것은 아니다.

Your gut bugs often want different things than you do, and they’re not shy about going after their goals.

소화관 미생물은 흔히 여러분이 원하는 것과는 다른 것들을 원하며, 자신들의 목표를 추구하는 것을 두려워하지 않는다.

Your gut bugs have the ability to impact your behavior and mood by altering the neural signals in your vagus nerve.

소화관 미생물은 여러분의 미주 신경의 신경 신호를 바꿈으로써 여러분의 행동과 기분에 영향을 미치는 능력을 가지고 있다.

They change taste receptors and produce toxins to make you feel bad when you don’t eat the things they want, or release chemical rewards to make you feel good when you do.

그것들은 자신들이 원하는 것을 여러분이 먹지 않을 때 미각 수용기를 변화시키고 독소를 생산하여 여러분을 기분 나쁘게 만들거나, 여러분이 ‘그것들이 원하는 것을 먹을’ 때 화학적 보상 물질을 방출하여 여러분을 기분 좋게 만든다.

So the bacteria inside your gut are actually manipulating you.

따라서 여러분 소화관 내의 박테리아는 사실상 여러분을 조종하고 있다.

It’s important to understand this, because it’s what makes it so hard to change your diet : the bugs inside you are playing you like a big marionette, trying to force you to give them what they crave.

이것을 이해하는 것이 중요한데, 왜냐하면 그것이 바로 여러분의 식단을 바꾸는 것을 매우 어렵게 만들기 때문이다.
: 몸속의 미생물은 여러분을 큰 꼭두각시처럼 다뤄 그것들이 몹시 원하는 것을 여러분이 주도록 강요하고자 한다.

It’s a                        approach.

그것은 당근과 채찍 접근법이다.

(1) hit - or - miss      (2) trial - and - error   (3) fight - or - flight   (4) carrot and stick   (5) needle and thread 

어법고르기문제 ( )괄호안에 숫자는 틀린 단어 숫자 

Different bacterial species need different nutrients ; some prefer sugar, and the others live off fat. (1)

But they not only fight with one other for food, and retain a foothold in the ecosystem. (틀린단어1/빠진단어1)

Your gut bugs often want different things than you are, and they’re not shy about going after their goals.(1)

Your gut bugs have the ability to impact your behavior and mood (of/by) altering the neural signals in your vagus nerve.

They change taste receptors and produce toxins to make you feel bad when you don’t eat the things they want, or release chemical rewards (making/to make) you feel good when you do.

So the bacteria inside your gut (is/are) actually (manipulated by/manipulating) you.

It’s important to understand this, because it’s what makes them so hard to change your diet : the bugs inside you are played you like a big marionette, try to force you to give them what they crave.(3) 

It’s a                        approach.

2-3. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

Ideas can be misleading when they are taken out of the big picture context, or when something is evaluated without reference to its alternatives.

개념이오도할수있는경우는그개념이전체 상황의 맥락 밖으로 내보내질 때, 혹은 어떤 것이 다른 방도를 참고하지 않고서 평가될 때이다.

Imagine someone said that he is from a place where a loaf of bread costs a nickel.

어떤 사람이 빵 한 덩이가 5센트인 곳 출신이라고 말했다고 가정해 보라.

To make that information meaningful, most people would automatically ask about the typical earnings of an individual from that place.

그 정보를 유의미하게 만들기 위해서, 대부분의 사람들은 자동적으로 그곳 사람의 일반적인 소득에 관하여 물을 것이다.

However, too often when we receive information, we fail to ask, “compared to what?”

그러나 우리는 정보를 받을 때, “무엇에 비해?”라고 묻지 않는 경우가 너무 많다.

For example, if the news tells us that a new surgical method has led to 3,000 deaths, we jump to the conclusion that the surgical method is dangerous.

예를 들어 뉴스가 우리에게 새로운 수술 방법이 3,000명의 사망을 일으켰다고 말할 때 우리는 그 수술 방법이 위험 하다는 속단을 내린다.

But dangerous relative to what ?

그러나 무엇에 비해 위험한가?

Does not having surgery to correct the illness lead to more deaths?

그질병을 고치는 수술을 받지 않는것이 더 많은 사망을 일으키는가?

What treatment was used previously, and how did patients fare with it?

전에 어떤 치료법이 사용되었는가, 그리고 환자들이 그것으로 어떻게 되었는가?

will help you accurately evaluate the pros and cons of a decision.

적절한 상황에서 쟁점을 고려하는 것이 어느 결정에 대한 장단점을 정확하게 평가하는 데 도움을 줄 것이다.

(1) Reviewing the past to get better alternatives

(2) Considering issues in an appropriate context

(3) Understanding what kinds of problems can arise

(4) Analyzing the statistics presented by third parties

 (5) Distinguishing between causation and coincidence

어법문제 

Ideas can be (misled/misleading) when they are (taking/taken) out of the big picture context, or when something is evaluated without reference to its alternatives.

Imagine someone said that he is from a place which a loaf of bread costs a nickel.(1)

To make that information meaningfully, most people would automatically ask about the typically earnings of an individual from that place.(2)

However, too often when we receive information, we fail to ask, “(comparing/compared) to what?”

For example, if the news tells us that a new surgical method (leads/has led) to 3,000 deaths, we jump to the conclusion that the surgical method is dangerous.

But dangerous relative to (where/what) ?

Does not (have/having) surgery to correct the illness lead to more deaths?

What treatment was used previously, and how (was/did) patients fare with it?

will help you accurately evaluating the pros and cons of a decision.(1) 

2-4.  다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

Because all evidence of the past can only be found in the present, creating a story about the past inevitably implies interpreting this evidence in terms of processes with a certain history of its own.

과거의모든증거가현재에만발견될수있기 때문에, 과거에 관한 이야기를 만들어내는 것은 필연적으로 그 자체의 특정한 역사를 가진 과정의 관점에서 이런 증거를 해석하는 것을 수반한다.

We do so, because we experience both the surrounding environment and our own persons to be such processes.

우리가 그렇게 하는 이유는, 주변 환경과 우리 자신의 모습이 둘 다 그런 과정임을 경험으로 알기 때문이다.

As a result, all historical accounts are reconstructions of some sort, and thus likely to change over time.

결과적으로 모든 역사적 설명은 일종의 재구성이며, 따라서 시간이 지나면서 변할 가능성이 있다.

This also means that the study of history cannot offer absolute certainties, but only approximations, of a reality that once was.

이것은 또한 역사의 연구가 한때 있었던 사실에 대한 절대적인 확신이 아니라 오직 근사치만을 제공할 수 있다는 것을 의미하기도 한다.

In other words,                                     .

다시 말해서 진정한 역사적 설명은 존재하지 않는다.

This may sound as if there is endless leeway in the ways the past is viewed.

이것은 마치 과거를 보는 방식에 끊임없는 자유재량의 여지가 있는 것처럼 들릴 수 있다.

In my opinion, that is not the case.

내 생각으로는 그것은 사실이 아니다.

Just as in any other field of science, the major test for historical reconstructions is whether, and to what extent, they accommodate the existing data in a concise and precise manner.

다른 모든 과학의 분야에서처럼, 역사적 재구성을 위한 주요 기준은, 그것이 현존하는 자료를 간결하고 정확하게 담아내는지의 여부와 그 정도이다.

* fare 되어가다, 지내다 * approximation 근사치 ** leeway 자유재량의 여지 

(1) true historical accounts do not exist

(2) rewriting history can predict the future

(3) history is considered more potent than myth

(4) there is no neat history of political correctness

(5) those who forget history are doomed to repeat it

어법문제

Because all evidence of the past can only (be found/find) in the present, (creating/created) a story about the past inevitably implies interpreting this evidence in terms of processes with a certain history of its own.

We (did/do) so, because we experience both the (surrounded/surrounding) environment and our own persons to be such processes.

As a result, all historical accounts (is/are) reconstructions of some sort, and thus likely to change over time.

This also means that the study of history cannot offer absolute certainties, but only approximations, of a reality that once (did/was).

In other words,                    .

This may sound as if there is endless leeway in the ways the past (is viewed/viewed).

In my opinion, that is not the case.

Just as in any (another/other) field of science, the major test for historical reconstructions (being/is) whether, and (to what/to which) extent, they accommodate the existing data in a concise and precise manner.

2-5.  다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

Sleep is essentially a time-management adaptation.

수면은 본질적으로 시간 관리의 적응이다.

Our body’s internal clock evolved to keep us out of circulation when there’s not much of a living to be made — at 3 A.M., for instance — and awake when there is.

우리신체의체내시계는진화해서가령새벽 3시처럼 꾸릴 생계가 많이 없는 때에는 우리가 활동을 하지 않고, 꾸릴 생계가 많을 때에는 깨어있게 되었다.

Consider the brown bat, perhaps the longest-sleeping mammal of them all.

모든 포유류중 에 아마도 가장 잠을 오래자는 갈색 박쥐를 생각해 보라.

It sleeps twenty hours a day and spends the other four, at dusk, hunting mosquitoes and moths.

그 박쥐는 하루에 스무시간동안 잠을 자고 나머지 네 시간을 해질 무렵에 모기와 나방을 사냥하며 보낸다.

Why only four hours at dusk?

왜 해 질 무렵 단지 네 시간 뿐일까? 

Because that’s when food is plentiful.

그때가 먹이가 풍부한 때이기 때문이다.

But also because, as Jerome Siegel, a neuroscientist at UCLA, says, “increased waking time would seem to be highly maladaptive for this animal, since it would expend energy and be exposed to predatory birds with better vision and better flight abilities.”

뿐만 아니라 UCLA의 신경 과학자인 Jerome Siegel이 말하듯 “깨어있는 시간의 증가는 이 동물에게 매우 부적응적인 것처럼 보일 텐데, 왜냐 하면그렇게되면그동물이에너지를소비할 것이고, 더 좋은 시력과 더 좋은 비행 능력을 갖춘 육식성 조류에 노출될 것이기 때문이다.”

Siegel argues that our obsession with sleep quality and duration is, in a sense, backward.

우리가 수면의 질과 지속 시간에 집착을 하는 것이 어떤 의미에 있어서는 퇴행적이라고 Siegel은 주장한다.

“We spend a third of our life sleeping, which seems so maladaptive — ‘the biggest mistake nature has made,’ scientists often call it,” he told me.

“우리는 잠을 자며 인생의 3분의 1을 보내는데, 이는 매우 부적응적으로 보이고, 과학자 들은 흔히 이를 ‘자연이 한 최대의 실수’라고 부른다.”라고 그는 나에게 말했다.

“Another way of looking at it is that                          .”    

“관점을 바꿔서 생각하면 불필요하게 깨어있는 것이 더 큰 실수이다.”

(1) lack of sleep triggers a stress response

(2) unnecessary wakefulness is a bigger mistake

(3) animals perceive time differently than humans

(4) sleeping better is a way to make fewer mistakes

(5) no complex mechanism is needed to control sleep

어법문제

Sleep is essentially a time-management (adoption/adaptation).

Our body’s internal clock (evolving/evolved) to keep us out of circulation when there’s not much of a living to be made — at 3 A.M., for instance — and awake when there is.

(Considering/Consider) the brown bat, perhaps the longest-sleeping mammal of them all.

It sleeps twenty hours a day and spends the other four, at dusk, (hunt/hunting) mosquitoes and moths.

Why only four hours at dusk?

Because that’s (why/when) food is plentiful.

But also because, as Jerome Siegel, a neuroscientist at UCLA, says, “increased (woken/waking) time would seem to be (high/highly) maladaptive for this animal, since it would expend energy and (expose/be exposed) to predatory birds with better vision and better flight abilities.”

Siegel argues that our obsession with sleep quality and duration (be/is), in a sense, backward.

“We spend a third of our life sleeping, (where/which) seems so maladaptive — ‘the biggest mistake nature (had/has) made,’ scientists often call it,” he told me.

“Another way of looking at it is that .”

2-6.  다음 글의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

Through recent decades academic archaeologists have been urged to conduct their research and excavations according to hypothesis-testing procedures.

최근 몇 십년 동안 내내 학계의 고고학자들은가설 검증 절차에 따라 연구와 발굴을 수행하라고 촉구받아 왔다.

It has been argued that we should construct our general theories, deduce testable propositions and prove or disprove them against the sampled data.

우리가 일반적인 이론을 구축하고 검증할 수 있는 명제를 추론하며, 그것을 표본 자료와 비교하여 증명하거나 반증을 들어야 한다고 주장되어 왔다.

In fact, the application of this ‘scientific method’ often ran into difficulties.

사실 이런 ‘과학적 방법’의 적용은 자주 어려움에 봉착했다.

The data have a tendency to lead to unexpected questions, problems and issues.

자료는 예상치 못한 질문, 문제 그리고 쟁점을 일으키는 경향이 있다.

(A) , archaeologists claiming to follow hypothesis-testing procedures found themselves having to create a fiction.

따라서 가설 검증 절차를 따를 것을 주장하는 고고학자들은 자신도 모르게 가공의 이야기를 써야 했다.

In practice, their work and theoretical conclusions partly developed from the data which they had discovered.

실제는 그들의 연구물과 이론적 결론은 부분적으로 자신들이 발견했던 자료에서 비롯되었다.

(B) , they already knew the data when they decided upon an interpretation.

다시 말해서 그들이 어떤 해석으로 결정할 때 이미 그 자료를 알고 있었다.

But in presenting their work they rewrote the script, placing the theory first and claiming to have tested it against data which they discovered, as in an experiment under laboratory conditions.

그러나 연구물을 발표할 때 그들은 실험실 조건하의 실험에서처럼 이론을 먼저 두고 그것을 자신들이 발견한 자료와 비교하여 검증했다고 주장하면서 대본을 다시 작성했다.

* excavation 발굴, 굴착 ** deduce 추론하다, 연역하다 

(1) Thus ...... Instead

(2) Thus ...... In other words

(3) Besides ...... For instance

(4) However ...... In other words

 (5) However ...... For instance

어법문제

Through recent decades academic archaeologists have been (urging/urged) to conduct their research and excavations according to hypothesis-testing procedures.

It has (argued/been argued) that we should construct our general theories, (deducing/deduce) testable propositions and prove or (disproving/disprove) them against the sampled data.

In fact, the application of this ‘scientific method’ often ran into difficulties.

The data have a tendency to (leading/lead) to unexpected questions, problems and issues.

(A) , archaeologists (claimed/claiming) to follow hypothesis-testing procedures found themselves (had/having) to create a fiction.

In practice, their work and theoretical conclusions partly (had developed/developed) from the data which they had discovered.

(B) , they already knew the data when they (were decided/decided) upon an interpretation.

But in (present/presenting) their work they rewrote the script, placing the theory first and (claimed/claiming) to have tested it against data (what/which) they discovered, as in an experiment under laboratory conditions.

1-7.  다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은? 

 Although certainly not limited to America, the tall tale found fertile soil in what is now the United States, perhaps most notably in reference to the Western Frontier, which lent itself to hyperbole. 

분명히 미국에 국한되는 것은 아니지만, ‘tall tale(터무니없이 과장 된 모험을 그린 이야기)’은 현재의 미국이 된 곳에서, 아마도 가장 뚜렷하게는 서부 개척지와 관련하여, 번성할 수 있는 환경을 찾았는데, 그곳은 과장된 서술에 적합한 곳이었다. 

As a result of the seemingly limitless horizon, the vast forests, the powerful rivers, and the other incredible natural features of the landscape of a largely unsettled America, a narrative genre that took exaggeration as its fundamental principle was utterly reborn in American storytelling. 

 무한해 보이는 지평선, 광대 한 숲, 힘차게 흐르는 강, 그리고 대체로 사람이 살지 않는 미국의 지형의 다른 놀라운 자연적 특징들의 결과로, 과장을 기본적인 원칙으로 취한 서사 장르가 미국의 스토리텔링 속에서 완전히 다시 태어났다. 

The tall tale is, first and foremost, an engaging and entertaining story about characters of utterly outsized proportions, a story of the “biggest,” the “baddest,” and the “best.” 

 ‘tall tale’은 다른 무엇보다도, 덩치가 아주 큰 등장인물들에 대 한 매력적이고 재미있는 이야기, 즉 ‘가장 큰 사람들’, ‘가장 멋진 사람들’ 그리고 ‘가장 좋은 사람들’의 이야기이다.

Classically told with a straight face and a “just-the-facts” manner, the wildly exaggerated content of the tall tale is often  related with ostentatious language in sharp contrast to its dry delivery. 

 무표정한 얼굴과 ‘사 실만을 말하는’ 태도로 관행적으로 이야기되는 ‘tall tale’의 몹시 과장된 내용은, 그것의 무미건조한 전달과 뚜렷한 대조를 이루는 화려 한 언어와 흔히 결부된다.

Considering the American cultural emphasis on             , it perhaps should come as no surprise that the genre of the tall tale has long struck a resonant chord in the American mind. 

 거대함에 대한 미국의 문화적 강조를 고려할 때, ‘tall tale’이라는 장르가 미국인들의 마음속에 오랫동안 공명을 일으켜 왔다는 것은 놀라운 일이 아닐 것이다. 

*hyperbole 과장된 서술 **ostentatious 화려한 ***resonant 공명을 불러일으키는 
① plainness 
② greatness 
③ casualness 
④ humbleness 
⑤ practicalness 

어법고르기문제

  Although certainly not (limiting/ limited) to America, the tall tale (finding/found) fertile soil in what is now  the United States, perhaps most notably in reference to the Western Frontier, (where/which) lent itself to hyperbole. 

As a result of the seemingly limitless horizon, the vast forests, the powerful rivers, and the other incredible natural features of the landscape of a (large/largely) unsettled America, a narrative genre that took exaggeration as (its/it's) fundamental principle  was utterly reborn in American storytelling. 

The tall tale is, first and foremost, an engaging and entertaining story about characters of utterly outsized proportions, a story of the “biggest,” the “baddest,” and the “best.” 

Classically told with a straight face and a “just-the-facts” manner, the wildly (exaggerated /exaggerate) content of the tall tale  is often related with ostentatious language in sharp contrast to its dry delivery. 

Considering the American cultural emphasis on             , it perhaps should come as no surprise that the genre of the tall tale has long (strike/struck) a resonant chord in the American mind.

1-8.  다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은? 

Afterimages can produce simultaneous contrast effects. 

잔상은 동시대비 효과를 낳을 수 있다.

If these are illusory colors, they nonetheless do much of the work of real colors, so much so that one can set up situations in which afterimage colors will be taken to be the colors of particular physical objects or of the light that illuminates them. 

비록 이것들이 환상에 불과 한 색이라 할지라도, 그럼에도 불구하고, 그것들은 실제 색들이 하는 많은 일을 하는데, 매우 많은 일을 하므로 잔상의 색이 특정한 물리 적 물체의 색이나 그것들을 비추는 빛의 색으로 여겨질 상황을 만들 수 있다. 

For example, one can walk into a room to see a rapidly rotating disk illuminated by a bright light. 

예를 들어, 어느 방으로 걸어 들어가서 밝은 불빛을 받는 빠르게 회전하는 디스크를 보는 경우가 있다. 

The surface of the disk is seen to be a homogeneous bluish green. 

그 디스크의 표면은 균일한 청록색으로 보인다. 

But when the disk is stopped, it is seen to be half white and half black, with a radial segment cut out at the boundary. 

하지만 디스크가 정지되면, 그것이 반은 흰 색이고 반은 검은색으로 보이는데, 두 색의 경계에 부채꼴로 잘라낸 부분이 있다. 

If the disk is stopped at a particular angle of rotation, a red light may be seen through the cutout. 

디스크가 특정 회전 각도에서 정지되면 잘라낸 부분을 통해 빨간색 불빛을 볼 수 있을 것이다. 

The color the rotating disk was seen to have was entirely afterimage color, produced by            that occurred at every rotation; when the disk is rapidly turning the red light is never seen as red. 

회전하는 디스크가 지니고 있는 것처럼 보인 색은 전적으로, 회전할 때마다 발생한 빨간색 불빛의 짧은 섬광에 의해 만들어진 잔상의 색이었다. 디스크가 빠르게 회전할 때 그 빨간색 불빛은 결코 빨간색으로 보이지 않는다. 

*afterimage 잔상 **homogeneous 균일한 ***radial segment 부채꼴(반지름 두 개와 호로 둘러싸인 부분) 

① the brief flash of red light 
② some adaptation to changing speed 
③ irregular alternations of black and white 
④ minute scratches on the surface of the disk 
⑤ subtle effects of a flashbulb in a dark room 

어법고르기문제

Afterimages can produce simultaneous contrast effects. 

If these are illusory colors, they nonetheless (do/are) much of the work of real colors, so much so that one can set up  situations (in which/of which) afterimage colors will be taken to be the colors of particular physical objects or of the light that (illuminates / illuminating) them.  

For example, one can walk into a room to see a rapidly (rotating/rotated) disk illuminated by a bright light. 

The surface of the disk (is seen/ sees) to be a homogeneous bluish green. 

But when the disk (is stopped/stopped), it is seen to be half white and half black, with a radial segment (cutting/cut) out  at the  boundary.   

If the disk (stopped/is stopped) at a particular angle of rotation, a red light may be seen through the cutout. 

The color the rotating disk was seen to have (was/been) entirely afterimage color, produced by            that occurred at every rotation; when the disk is rapidly (turned/turning) the red light is never seen as red.  

1-9.  다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

Hindsight bias has a particular way in which it manifests. 

사후 확신 편향은 그것이 나타나는 특별한 방식을 가지고 있다. 

Some people refer to hindsight bias as the “I-knew-it-all-along phenomenon."

어떤 사람들은 사후 확신 편향을 ‘나는 처음부터 쭉 알고 있었어 현상’ 이라고 부른다.

When you hear someone say, “I knew it all along” or “I knew that they would,” they are demonstrating hindsight bias. 

누군가가 “나는 처음부터 쭉 알고 있었다.” 또는 “나는 그들이 그럴 줄 알고 있었다.”라고 말하는 것을 들을 때, 그는 사 후 확신 편향을 보여주고 있는 것이다.

When this happens we are selectively recalling an experience that supports the facts we have just learned, and, in actuality, we didn’t know; we were simply emboldened by the recently revealed facts to believe that we did. 

이것이 일어날 때 우리는 우 리가 방금 알게 된, 그리고 실제로는 알지 못했던 사실을 뒷받침하는 경험을 선택적으로 떠올리고 있다. 우리는 최근에 드러난 사실에 의해 대담해져서 우리가 알고 있었다고 믿게 되었을 뿐이다. 

For instance, when a new hire is doing a good job it is common for us to tell our coworkers that we knew that person was going to do well, when, in fact, we did not know; we were just hoping. 

예를 들어, 신입 사원이 일을 잘 해내고 있을 때, 우리가 그 사람이 잘하리 라는 것을 알고 있었다고 동료들에게 말하는 것은 흔한 일인데, 사 실 그때 우리는 알지 못했고 그저 바랄 뿐이었다. 

Likewise, if that same person starts performing poorly we are likely, without any critical reflection of our previous comments, to say, “I knew they weren’t going to work out.” 

 마찬가지로 같은 사람이 실적이 나빠지기 시작하면, 우리는 우리가 이전에 언급했던 것에 대한 어떠한 비판적인 숙고도 없이 “나는 그가 해내지 못할 줄 알았어.”라고 말하기 쉽다. 

Hindsight bias allows us to think that we are better at           than we really are. 

사후 확신 편향에 의해 우리는 우리가 실제 그러한 것보다 예측하는 것에 더 능숙하다고 생각한다.  

*embolden 대담하게 만들다 

① hiding 
② nurturing 
③ predicting 
④ competing 
⑤ persuading 

어법고르기문제

 Hindsight bias has a particular way (in which/on which) it manifests. 

Some people (refer to/refer at) hindsight bias as the “I-knew-it-all-along phenomenon.” 

When you hear someone say, “I knew it all along” or “I knew that they would,” they are demonstrating hindsight bias. 

When this (happens / is happened) we are selectively (recalled/recalling) an experience that supports the facts  we have just learned, and, in actuality, we didn’t know; we were simply (emboldened by/emboldening) the recently revealed facts to believe that we did. 

For instance, when a new hire is doing a good job it is common for us (to tell/telling) our coworkers that we knew that  person was going to do well, when, in fact, we did not know; we were just hoping. 

Likewise, if that same person starts performing poorly we are (likely/like), without any critical reflection of our previous  comments, to say, “I knew they weren’t going to work out.” 

Hindsight bias allows us (think/to think) that we are better at           than we really (are/do). 

1-10.   다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은? 

 
 The green movement is sometimes criticized for               . 

때때로 환경 운동은 친환경적이 되는 데 드는 비용을 경시한다고 비난을 받는다.

Just as food movements have sometimes acted unaware of the difficulty of a working-class family negotiating not only its food budget but also the effect on that budget of the time constraints of working parents, so too did the early environmentalism movement sometimes pay too little attention to the financial effect of environmentally responsible behavior. 

음식과 관련된 운동들이 때때로 노동자 계층 가정이 그들의 식비 예산뿐 아니라 일하는 부모들의 시간 제약이 그 예산에 미치는 영향을 다루는 어려움을 모른 채 행해져 왔듯이, 초기 환경 보호 운동도 때때로 환경적으로 책임 있는 행동을 하는 것의 재정적 영향에 너무 적은 관심을 보였다. 재활용은 전시의 배급제도가 그것을 하도록 사람들을 훈련해 주었었고, 그 이득이 분명하고 단기적이었기 때문에 쉽게 성공했다.

Recycling was an easy win because wartime rationing had conditioned people for it, and the gains were obvious and short-term. 

재활용은 전시의 배급제도가 그것을 하도록 사람들을 훈련해 주었었고, 그 이득이 분명하고 단기적이었기 때문에 쉽게 성공했다.

Switching to energy-saving lightbulbs is fairly easy to convince people to do, because of their longevity and the obvious long-term savings. 

에너지 절약형 전구로 바꾸는 것은 사람들에게 하도록 설득하기가 꽤 쉬운데 왜냐하면 그것들의 수명이 길고 분명 장기적으로 돈이 절약되기 때문이다. 

Reducing water usage is more difficult, particularly given how low water bills tend to be relative to other utilities — a change in behavior may amount to only a few dollars a month, and those few dollars may seem like a more-than-reasonable price for longer showers and a well-watered lawn.

물 사용량을 줄이는 것은 특히 다른 공공 서비스에 비해 수도요금이 얼마나 낮은 경향이 있는지를 고려하면, 더 어렵다. 즉 행동의 변화는 한 달에 단지 몇 달러에 불과할 수도 있고, 그 몇 달러는 더 오랜 샤워와 물을 잘 준 잔디에 대한 아주 적정한(싼) 가격처럼 보일 수 있다. 

Even water conservation is only asking for a behavioral change, however, and perhaps the expense of a low-pressure showerhead. Asking people to spend money on going green has historically been difficult. 

그런데 심지어 물 보존은 행동의 변화와 아마도 저압 샤워 꼭지 비용을 요구하고 있을 뿐이다. 사람들에게 친환경적이 되는 데 돈을 쓰라고 요구하는 것은 역사적으로 힘들었다. 

*rationing 배급제도 

① downplaying the cost of going green 
② making an easy choice among many options 
③ blurring the scope of environmental protection 
④ calculating the dollar values of what people give up 
⑤ distributing profits to those who have never participated 

어법고르기문제

The green movement is sometimes (criticized/criticizing) for               . 

Just as food movements have sometimes (acting/acted) unaware of the difficulty of a working-class family negotiating not only its food budget but also the effect on that budget of the time constraints of working parents,  so too (was/did) the early environmentalism movement sometimes pay too (a little/little) attention to the financial effect of  (environmentally/environmental) responsible behavior. 

Recycling was an (easy/easily) win because wartime rationing (had conditioned / conditioned) people for it, and the gains were  obvious and short-term. 

(Switching/Switched) to energy-saving lightbulbs is fairly easy to convince people (to do/doing), (because of/because) their longevity  and the obvious long-term savings. 

Reducing water usage is more difficult, particularly (given/giving) how low water bills tend to be relative to other utilities —  a change in behavior may amount to only a few dollars a month, and those few dollars may seem (like/that) a more-than-reasonable price for longer showers and a well-watered lawn.

Even water conservation is only (asking/asked) for a behavioral change, however, and perhaps the expense of a low-pressure showerhead. Asking people to spend money on going green has historically been difficult. 

1-11.  다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은? 

It’s amazing how much you can learn about your friends and family, your job, the organization you work in, and yourself when you decide to really listen to others. 

 다른 사람들의 말을 진정으로 경청하기로 할 때 여러분이 여러분의 친구와 가족, 직업, 여러분이 일하는 조직, 그리고 여러분 자신에 대 해 얼마나 많이 배울 수 있는지는 놀랍다. 

But not everyone understands this benefit. 

그러나 모든 사람이 이 이 득을 이해하는 것은 아니다. 

For example, we heard a story about a tennis pro who was giving a lesson to a new student. 

예를 들어, 우리는 새로 온 학생에게 교습을 하고 있던 테니스 프로에 대한 이야기를 들었다. 

After watching the novice take several swings at the tennis ball, the pro stopped him and suggested ways he could improve his stroke. 

그 초보자가 테니스공을 여러 번 스윙하는 것을 지켜본 후, 프로는 그를 멈추고 그의 타법을 개선할 수 있는 방법을 제안했다. 

But each time he did, the student interrupted him and gave his opinion of the problem and how it should be solved. 

그러나 매번 그가 그렇게 할 때마다, 그 학생은 그의 말을 가로막았고, 문제와 그것이 어떻게 해결되어야 하는지에 대한 자신의 의견을 말했다. 

After several interruptions, the pro began to nod his head in agreement. 

 몇 번 중단 을 당한 후, 프로는 동의하며 고개를 끄덕이기 시작했다. 

When the lesson ended, a woman who had been watching said to the pro, “Why did you go along with that arrogant man’s stupid suggestions?” 

교습이 끝났을 때 지켜보고 있었던 한 여자가 프로에게 “왜 그 오만한 남자의 어리석은 제안에 동조했습니까?”라고 말했다. 

The pro smiled and replied, “I learned a long time ago that it is a waste of time to try to sell real answers to anyone who just wants to buy echoes.” 

프로는 미소를 지으면서 “나는 누구든 단지 공감을 사고 싶은 사람에게 진짜 답을 납득 시키려 애쓰는 것은 시간 낭비라는 것을 오래전에 배웠습니다.”라고 대답했다. 

Beware of putting yourself into a position where          . 

여러분이 모든 답을 알고 있다고 생각하는 입장을 취하는 것을 경계하라. 

Anytime you do, you’ll be putting yourself in danger. 

여러분이 모든 답을 알고 있다고 생각하는 입장을 취하는 것을 경계하라. 

It’s almost impossible to think of yourself as “the expert” and continue growing and learning at the same time. 

 여러분이 그럴 때마다, 여러분은 자신을 위험에 빠뜨릴 것이다. 자신을 ‘전문가’라고 생각하면서 동시에 계속해서 성장하고 배우는 것은 거의 불가능하다. 

① everyone sees you as a mentor 
② you think you know all the answers 
③ listening to others benefits only them 
④ you should live up to your profession 
⑤ it’s difficult to profit from the transaction 

어법고르기문제

It’s amazing how (much/many) you can learn about your friends and family, your job, the organization you work in, and  yourself (when/what) you decide to really listen to others. 

But not everyone understands this benefit. 

For example, we heard a story about a tennis pro who was (given/giving) a lesson (for/to) a new student. 

After (watching/watched) the novice take several swings at the tennis ball, the pro stopped him and suggested ways  he could improve his stroke. 

But each time he did, the student interrupted him and gave his opinion (of/to) the problem and how it should (be solved/solve). 

After several interruptions, the pro began to nod his head in agreement. 

When the lesson ended, a woman who had been 
(watching/watched) said to the pro, “Why did you go along with that arrogant man’s stupid suggestions?” 

The pro smiled and replied, “I learned a long time ago that it is a waste of time to try to sell real answers to anyone who just wants to buy echoes.” 

Beware of putting yourself into a position (where/which)          . 

Anytime you do, you’ll be (put/putting) yourself in danger. It’s almost impossible to think of yourself as “the expert” and  continue (growing/to grow) and (learning/learn) at the same time.  

1-12. 다음 글의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은? 

The quality of a decision cannot be determined unambiguously by its outcome. 

결정의 질은 명확하게 그 결정의 결과에 의해 결정될 수 없다.

For example, most of us believe it would be foolish to accept a bet that the next time we throw a pair of dice we will roll “snake eyes.” 

예를 들어, 우리 대부분은 다음번에 주사위 두 개를 던질 때 ‘1의 눈이 두 개 나오게’ 굴린다는 내기를 받아들이는 것은 어리석은 일일 거라 고 믿는다. 

(The actual chance of throwing two ones, “snake eyes,” is 1/36). 

(1이 2개, 즉 ‘1의 눈이 2개 나오도록’ 던질 실제 확률은 1/36이다.) 

Moreover, we would regard the person who accepted such a bet as a poor decision maker — even if he or she happened to roll snake eyes.  

 비록 그 사람이 우연히 1의 눈이 2 개 나오도록 굴리더라도 말이다. 

(A)  , if that person were in danger of physical harm or death at the hands of a loan shark, and that bet were the only way to raise enough money to avoid harm, then the person might not seem so foolish. 

반면에, 만약 그 사람이 악덕 사채업자의 손에 의해 신체적 피해나 죽음의 위험에 처해 있고, 그 내기 가 피해를 피하기에 충분한 돈을 모을 수 있는 유일한 방법이라면, 그 사람은 그렇게 어리석어 보이지 않을 것이다. 

What this example illustrates is that it is the potential outcomes, their probabilities, and their values to the decision maker at the time the decision is made that lead us to judge a particular choice to be wise or foolish. 

이 예가 분명히 보여주는 바는 우리에게 특정한 선택을 현명하거나 어리석다고 판단하게 하는 것은 바로 ‘그 결정이 내려지는 시점에서’ 잠재적 결과들, 그것들의 확률 및 의사 결정자에 대하여 그것들이 가지는 가치라는 것이다. 

A general who is losing a war,  (B)  , is much wiser to engage in a high-risk  military  venture  than is a general  who is winning  a war. 

예를 들어, 전쟁에서 지고 있는 장군은 전쟁에서 이기고 있는 장군보다 위험성이 높은 군사상의 모험을 하면 훨씬 더 현명하다. 

The failure of such a venture might not reflect unfavorably on the decision-making ability of the losing  general; it is more “rational” for the losing general to take a risk. 

그러한 모험의 실패는 지고 있는 장군의 결정 능력에 나쁘게 영향을 주지 않을 것인데 지고 있는 장군이 모험을 하는 것이 더 ‘합리적’이기 때문이다. 

*snake eyes 두 개의 주사위를 던졌을 때 두 개 모두 1이 나오는 것 **loan shark 악덕 사채업자 

       (A)                    (B) 
① Therefore         …… however 
② Therefore         …… in addition 
③ Otherwise         …… for example 
④ On the other hand …… for example 
⑤ On the other hand …… in addition 

어법고르기문제

The quality of a decision cannot be determined unambiguously by (its/their) outcome. 

For example, most of us believe it (would be/is) foolish to accept a bet that the next time we throw a pair of dice  we will roll “snake eyes.” 

(The actual chance of (throwing/thrown) two ones, “snake eyes,” is 1/36). 

Moreover, we would regard the person who accepted such a bet as a poor decision maker — even if he or she happened (to roll/rolling) snake eyes.  

(A)  , if that person were in danger of physical harm or death at the hands of a loan shark, and that bet (were/was) the only way to raise enough money to avoid harm, then the person might not seem so foolish. 

What this example illustrates is that it is the potential outcomes, their probabilities, and their values to the decision maker at the time the decision is made that (lead/leading) us to judge a particular choice (is/to be) wise or foolish. 

A general who is losing a war,  (B)  , is much wiser (to engage/engaging) in a high-risk  military  venture  than is a general  who is winning  a war. 

The failure of such a venture might not reflect unfavorably/unfavorable) on the decision-making ability of the losing general;

it is more “rational” for the losing general to take a risk. 

1-1 .  다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은? 

When temperatures near 0℃, water molecules start bonding with one another to form a crystal structure. 

온도가 0℃에 가까워질 때에, 물 분자들은 서로 결합하기 시작하여 결정 구조를 형성한다. 

The hydrogen atoms of each molecule connect to the oxygen atoms of other molecules. 

각 분자의 수소 원자들이 다른 분자들의 산소 원자들과 연결된다. 

The resulting structure creates a greater amount of space between the molecules than there was when the molecules floated freely about in a liquid state. 

결과적으로 나타나는 구조에서는 액체 상태 에서 분자들이 자유롭게 떠다니던 때보다 분자들 사이에 더 많은 양의 공간이 생기게 된다. 

All that extra space between the molecules is why ice              is less dense than liquid water — and the reason ice . 

분자들 사이에 추가로 생기게 된 이 모든 공간이 얼음이 액체 상태인 물보다 밀도가 낮은 이유이며, 얼음이 뜨는 이유이다. 

This characteristic of water is good news for fish and other animals that live underwater wherever the temperatures drop to freezing. 

물의 이러한 속성은 어디든 기온이 영하로 떨어지는 곳에서 물속에 사는 물고기와 다른 동물들에게 좋은 소식이다. 

When the water in a lake, for instance, begins to freeze, the first tiny ice crystals that form remain on the surface. 

예를 들어, 호수의 물이 얼기 시작할 때, 가장 먼저 형성되는 아주 작은 얼 음 결정체가 수면 위에 남게 된다. 

Eventually, a layer of floating ice will form on the water’s surface, which seals in the liquid water below and keeps it from freezing. 

결국에는, 떠 있는 얼음 층이 물의 표면 위에 형성되어, 그것이 아래쪽에 있는 액체 상태의 물을 밀봉 하여 그것을 얼지 않게 해준다. 

If water became more dense when it froze — the way most substances do — then the ice crystals would keep sinking to the bottom. 

만일 물이 얼 때, 대부분의 물질들이 그렇듯이, 밀도가 더 높아진다면, 얼음 결정체들은 계속해서 바닥으로 가라앉을것이다. 

Eventually, the entire lake would be frozen solid from top to bottom — which would be bad news for the fish. 

결국에는 전체 호수가 위에서부터 밑에까지 꽁 꽁 얼어 버릴 것이며, 이것은 물고기에게 나쁜 소식이 될 것이다.  

① sinks 
② melts 
③ floats 
④ forms 
⑤ cracks 

어법 고르기 문제 

 When temperatures near 0℃, water molecules start bonding with one (other/others/another) to form a crystal structure. 

The hydrogen atoms of each (molecules/molecule) connect to the oxygen atoms of other molecules. 

The (resurlt/resulting) structure creates a greater amount of space between the molecules than there was when the molecules (floating/floated) freely about in a liquid state. 

All that extra space between the molecules (are/is) why ice              is less dense than liquid water — and the reason ice . 

This characteristic of water is good news for fish and (the other/other) animals that (living/live) underwater  wherever the temperatures (dropping/drop) to freezing. 

When the water in a lake, for instance, begins to freeze, the first tiny ice crystals that (formed/form) remain on the surface. 

Eventually, a layer of floating ice will form on the water’s surface, which (seal/seals) in the liquid water below and (keep/keeps) it from freezing. 

If water became more dense when it froze — the way most substances (do/are) — then the ice crystals would keep sinking to the bottom. 

Eventually, the entire lake would be frozen solid from top to bottom — which would be bad news for the fish. 

1-2.  다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은? 

I witnessed a surprising set of behaviors between a group of chimpanzees with whom I periodically interacted. 

나는 내가 정기적으로 상호작용을 하는 침팬지 집단 사이에서 놀라운 일련의 행동들을 목격했다. 

Sarah likes to look at books, so when I visit I occasionally bring her children’s books that can withstand chimpanzee handling for at least a few minutes. 

Sarah는 책을 보는 것을 좋아해서, 나는 방문할 때 가끔 그녀에게 침팬지의 손길을 최소한 몇 분 동 안 견딜 수 있는 어린이용 책을 가져다준다. 

I gave Sarah her book and before she could really start “reading” it, Harper, who at this point in time was older but still mischievous, came over and took it away. 

나는 Sarah에게 그녀 의 책을 주었는데, 그녀가 실제로 ‘읽기’ 시작하기도 전에, 그 당시 에 나이가 더 많았지만 여전히 장난꾸러기였던 Harper가 와서 그 것을 가져가 버렸다.

Sarah didn’t struggle with Harper when he took it. 

Sarah는 Harper가 그것을 가져갔을 때 그와 싸우지 않았다. 

Then moments later, Sheba, a very smart female chimpanzee, who didn’t appear to me to have noticed Harper’s behavior because she was happily eating her dried mangos, went over to Harper and took the book from him. 

그러고 나서 잠시 후에, 매우 영리한 암컷 침팬지 Sheba가, 말린 망고를 행복하게 먹고 있었기 때문에 내가 보기에는 Harper의 행동을 알아차리지 못한 것처럼 보였는데, Harper에 게 다가가 그 책을 그에게서 빼앗았다. 

This in itself wouldn’t be surprising as taking things that others have is typical among members of a group that aren’t clearly dominant. 

뚜렷하게 우세하지 않은 집단 구성원들 사이에서는 다른 구성원들이 갖고 있는 것을 빼앗는 일은 흔히 일어나므로 이 일 자체로서는 놀라운 일은 아닐 것이다. 

What was surprising was that rather than keeping it herself, she promptly gave it back to Sarah. 

놀라운 것은 Sheba가 그것을 자기가 갖지 않고 즉시 그것을 Sarah 에게 돌려주었다는 것이었다. 

There were no vocalizations that I was aware of that might indicate Sarah was distressed by Harper’s thievery, nor that Sheba was trying to appease any distress. 

Harper의 도둑질 때문에 Sarah가 고통을 받고 있다는 것을 알려줄 수 있는 어떤 소리도 내가 아는 바로는 전혀 없었고, 또한 Sheba가 어떠한 고통을 달래주려 하고 있다는 것을 알려줄 수 있는 어떤 소리도 (내가 아는 바로는) 없었다.

It just looked to me as though Sheba was        . 

그것은 내게 그저 Sheba가 일을 바로잡고 있는 것처럼 보였다. 아무도 그녀에게 무엇을 해야 할지 말하지 않았다. 

No one told her what to do — she just autonomously determined that the book belonged to Sarah. 

그녀는 단지 그 책 이 Sarah의 것이라고 스스로 결론을 내렸을 뿐이었다.

*vocalization 소리내기, 발성 **distress 고통을 주다; 고통 ***appease 달래다 

① setting things right 
② proving her dominance 
③ doing mischievous things 
④ comforting younger chimps 
⑤ showing curiosity about strange thing

어법고르기문제

I witnessed a surprising set of behaviors between a group of chimpanzees with (which/whom) I periodically interacted. 

Sarah likes to look at books, so when I visit I (occasional/occasionally) bring her children’s books that can withstand chimpanzee (handled/handling) for at least a few minutes. 

I gave Sarah (to her/her) her book and before she could really start “reading” it, Harper, who at this point in time was older  but still mischievous, came over and took (it/them) away. 

Sarah didn’t struggle (of/with) Harper when he took it. 

Then moments later, Sheba, a very smart female chimpanzee, who didn’t appear (me/to me) to  have  noticed  Harper’s  behavior because she was (happy/happily) eating her dried mangos, went over to Harper and took the book from him. 

This in (it/itself) wouldn’t be surprising as taking things that others have to be/is) typical among members of a group that (isn't/aren’t) clearly dominant. 

What was surprising was that rather than keeping it (herself/her), she promptly gave it back (to Sarah/Sarah). 

There were no vocalizations that I was aware of that might indicate Sarah (being/was) distressed by Harper’s thievery, nor that Sheba was trying (appeasing/to appease) any distress. 

It just looked to me as though Sheba was        . 

No one told her what to do — she just autonomously determined that the book belonged (Sarah/to Sarah). 

1-3.  다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?   

One dimension of the mind’s innate search for meaning has to do with the compelling power of                  . 

정신이 본질적으로 의미를 찾는 한 가지 모습은 목적의 강력한 힘과 관련이 있다. 

For example, a girl of about nine years old recently described what she understood to be the causes and best treatment for lung cancer. 

예를 들어, 아홉 살쯤 된 한 소녀는 최근에 폐암의 원인과 최상의 치료법이라고 자신이 이해한 바를 썼다.

She was extremely articulate. 

그녀는 대단히 명확하게 표현했다. 

Her interest had been sparked by the fact that her mother had been diagnosed with the disease, prompting her to read as much as she could find on the subject. 

그녀의 관심은 그녀의 어머니가 그 질병을 진단 받았다는 사실로 촉발되었으며, 그 때문에 그녀는 그 주제에 대해 찾을 수 있는 한 많은 것을 읽었다. 

Learning that is reducible to memorizing facts that are true or false is different from learning that engages actor-centered, adaptive decision making. 

 맞거나 틀린 사실들을 암기하는 것으로 축소될 수 있는 학습은 행위자 중심의, 적응적인 의사 결정 을 하게 하는 학습과는 다르다. 

This kind of decision making is the result of an authentic question generated by the learner on the basis of a genuine need to know and is one that inevitably requires more complex thinking. 

이러한 종류의 의사 결정은 알고자 하는 진정한 욕구에 기초하여 학습자에 의해 생성된 진정한 질문의 결과이며 불가피하게 더 복잡한 생각을 필요로 하는 것이다. 

It is the search for meaning that organizes actor-centered questions and encourages the use of higher-order functions. 

행위자 중심의 질문을 체계화하고 더 높은 차원의 기능을 사용하도록 권장 하는 것은 바로 의미에 대한 추구이다. 

*articulate (생각, 감정 등을) 명확하게 표현하는 

① logic 
② purpose 
③ memory 
④ creativity 
⑤ predictability

어법고르기문제

One dimension of the mind’s innate search for (meaning/means) (have/has) to do with the compelling power of                  . 

For example, a girl of about nine years old recently described what she understood (to be/is) the causes and best treatment for  lung cancer. 

She was extremely articulate. 

Her interest had been sparked by the fact that her mother (was diagnosed/had been diagnosed) with the disease, prompting  her to read as much as she could find on the subject. 

Learning that is reducible to (memorize/memorizing) facts that are true or false (is/being) different from learning that engages  actor-centered, adaptive decision making. 

This kind of decision making is the result of an authentic question(generating/ generated by) the learner  on the basis of a genuine need to know and (is/be) one that inevitably requires more complex thinking.

It is the search for meaning that (organizing/organizes) actor-centered questions and (encourage/encourages) the use of higher-order functions.  

1-4.  다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은? 

 My father had a favorite story about social practices which he learned from his father: An enormous herd of sheep was moving down a country road, led by a wise old ram. 

 나의 아버지에게는 자신의 아버지로부터 배운, 사회적 관습에 관한 좋아하는 이야기가 하나 있었다. 현명한 늙은 숫양이 이끄는 엄청난 규모의 양 떼가 시골길을 따라서 이동하고 있었다. 

As the lead sheep approached an intersection, a young lady on a bicycle was approaching on the crossroad. 

선도하는 양이 교차로에 접근했을 때, 자전거를 탄 한 젊은 여성이 교차하는 길에 서 접근하고 있었다. 

The old ram realized that if she had to wait for all those sheep to cross, she would be delayed for hours. 

그 늙은 숫양은 그녀가 그 모든 양들이 지나가기를 기다려야 한다면, 그녀가 가는 길이 몇 시간 동안 지체될 것이 라는 것을 깨달았다. 

The old ram knew he couldn’t stop, because of all the sheep pushing from behind. 

그 늙은 숫양은 뒤에서 미는 모든 양들 때문에 멈출 수 없다는 것을 알았다. 

Being the gentleman that he was, he came up with a creative solution: he jumped high in the air, giving her room to pass safely under and continue on her way. 

그는 그렇듯 신사였으므로, 창의적인 해결책, 즉 자신이 공중으로 높이 뛰어올라, 그녀에게 안전하게 밑으로 통과하여 가던 길을 계속해서 갈 수 있게 공간을 마련해주는 해 결책을 생각해 냈다.

Late that night, as the young lady was safely at home and having supper, the sheep were still jumping over the same intersection, but no one knew why. 

그날 밤 늦게, 그 젊은 여성이 안전하게 집에 도 착하여 저녁 식사를 하고 있었을 때, 양들은 여전히 같은 교차로 위 로 뛰어오르고 있었지만, 왜 그러는지는 아무도 몰랐다. 

What had started out as a creative idea turned into                    .

창의적인 아이디어로 시작되었던 것이 무의미한 관습으로 변해 버렸다. 

① a senseless institution 
② a popular animal show 
③ a life-threatening danger 
④ an educational experience 
⑤ a widespread sporting event 

어법고르기문제

My father had a favorite story about social (practice/practicing/practices) (where/which) he learned from his father: 

An enormous herd of sheep (were/was) moving down a country road, (leading/led by) a wise old ram. 

As the lead sheep (approached to/approached) an intersection, a young lady on a bicycle was (approaching/approaching to) on the crossroad. 

The old ram realized that if she (had had/had) to wait for all those sheep to cross, she would (delay/be delayed) for hours. 

The old ram knew he couldn’t stop, because of all the sheep (pushing/pushed) from behind. 

(Being/Been) the gentleman that he was, he came up with a creative solution:  he jumped high in the air, (giving/given) her room to pass (safe/safely) under and continue on her way. 

Late that night, as the young lady was safely at home and (had/having) supper, the sheep were still (jumping/jumped) over  the same intersection, but no one (knew/didn't know) why. 

What had started out as a creative idea (turning/turned) into                    .

1-5.  다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은? 

 Many improvising actors talk about both the high they get from a good improvisation, and the terror they feel when a performance isn’t going well.

많은 즉흥 연기를 하는 배우들은 훌륭한 즉흥 연기로부터 얻는 매우 큰 성취감과 연기가 잘 되지 않을 때 느끼는 공포 둘 다에 대해 이야기한다. 

The unpredictability of group creativity can be frightening because            . 

집단 창의성의 예측 불가능성은 실패가 공개적이기 때문에 무서울 수 있다. 

If a painter fails, he or she can paint over the canvas; a writer can crumple up the paper and throw it away. 

화가는 실패하더라도, 캔버스 위에 덧칠할 수 있다. 작가는 종이를 구겨서 그것을 버릴 수 있다. 

But imagine if writers had to publish every single one of their manuscripts — that’s the situation improv actors find themselves in every night.

 하지만 작가가 자기 원고를 하나하나 모두 출판해야 한다면 어떨지 상상해 보라. 그것이 바로 즉흥 연기를 하는 배우들이 매일밤 처하게 되는 상황이다. 

Mark Gordon, a director of and actor in The Compass Players, said, “It always felt to me like taking your pants off in front of an audience. 

The Compass Players의 감독이자 배우인 Mark Gordon 은 다음과 같이 말했다. 

“It always felt to me like taking your pants off in front of an audience. A little terrifying.” 

“저는 항상 관중 앞에서 바지를 벗는 것 같은 기분이 들었어요. 조금 무서운 일이죠.”

Ted Flicker, director of the first St. Louis Compass and founder of the New York group The Premise, said, “Unless you’ve actually tasted what improvising in front of an audience feels like, you can’t imagine the horror of it.” 

St. Louis Compass의 초대 감독이자 뉴욕의 극단 The Premise의 설립자 Ted Flicker 는 “관중 앞에서 즉흥 연기를 하는 것이 어떤 느낌인지 실제로 체험 해 보지 않았다면, 그것이 주는 공포를 ‘상상할’ 수 없습니다.”라고 말했다. 

*crumple 구기다 **improv 즉흥 연기, 애드리브 

① failure is public 
② horror affects viewers 
③ performance is favored 
④ success is a gradual process 
⑤ actors are uncooperative with each other 

어법고르기문제

Many (improvising/improvised) actors talk about both the high they get from a good improvisation,  and the terror they feel when a performance isn’t going well. 

The unpredictability of group creativity can be (frightened/frightening) because            . 

If a painter(had failed/fails), he or she can paint over the canvas; a writer can crumple up the paper and throw (it/them) away. 

But imagine if writers had to publish every single one of their manuscripts — that’s the situation improve actors find themselves in every night. 

Mark Gordon, a director of and actor in The Compass Players, said, “It always felt (me/to me) like taking your pants off  in front of an audience. A little (terrified/terrifying).” 

Ted Flicker, director of the first St. Louis Compass and founder of the New York group The Premise, said, “(Unless/If) you’ve actually tasted what improvising in front of an audience feels like, you can’t imagine the horror of it.” 

1-6.  다음 글의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은? 

 Dr. Zajonc’s drive theory claims that the mere presence of an audience is arousing, and that this increases the tendency to produce dominant responses. 

 Zajonc 박사의 추동 이론은 단순히 관중이 존재하는 것만으로도 자극이 되며 이것이 지배적 반응을 만들어내는 경향을 증가시킨다고 주장한다.

If the dominant responses are appropriate or correct in relation to the task, performance will be enhanced, but if inappropriate, performance will be impaired compared to when the person performs the task alone. 

그 지배적 반응이 그 과업과 관련하여 적절하거나 적당하면, 수행이 향상되겠지만, 부적절하면 그 사람이 그 과업을 혼자 수행할 때에 비해 수행이 손상될 것이다. 

This means that tasks we are skilled at, which are well learned and of which we have a long history of experience are likely to be enhanced in front of an audience.

이것은 능숙하게 잘하고, 잘 배웠으며, 오랜 시간의 경험을 가진 과업은 관중 앞에서 더 잘될 가능성이 있다는 것을 의미한다. 

  (A)  , tasks at which we are not skilled or those in the early stages of learning will be performed even more poorly in front of an audience.

  그에 반해서, 능숙하지 않거나 학습의 초기 단계에 있는 과업은 관중 앞에서 훨씬 더 서툴게 수행될 것 이다. 

Take the example of teaching; Zajonc’s drive theory predicts that an experienced, skilled teacher will do well in front of a class. 

 가르치는 일의 예를 들어 보자. Zajonc의 추동 이론에서는 경험이 많고, 숙련된 교사가 학급 학생들 앞에서 잘할 것이라고 예측 한다.

On the other hand, a new teacher may practise and rehearse at home and be satisfied with his or her performance. 

 반면에, 신임 교사는 집에서 연습하고 리허설을 하면서 자신의 수행에 만족할지 모른다. 

 (B)  , when the new teacher has to stand in front of a class he or she is likely to perform poorly, both according to his or her own expectations and to those of the students in the class. 

그러나 그 신임 교사가 학급 학생들 앞에 서야 할 때는 자신의 기대 수준과 학급 학생들의 기대 수준 모두에 비추어 수업을 제대로 하지 못할 가능성이 있다. 

*impair 손상하다, 상하게 하다 

      (A)              (B) 
① In contrast  …… However 
② In contrast  …… Therefore 
③ As a result  …… However 
④ For example …… Similarly 
⑤ For example …… Therefore 

어법고르기문제

 Dr. Zajonc’s drive theory claims that the mere presence of an audience is (aroused/arousing), and that this increases  the tendency (to produce/production) dominant responses. 

If the dominant responses are appropriate or correct in relation to the task, performance will be (enhanced/enhancing), but if inappropriate, performance will be (imparing/impaired) (comparing/compared) to when the person performs the task alone. 

This means that tasks we are (skilled to/skilled at), which are well (learning/learned) and (in which/of which) we have a long  history of experience (is /are) likely to be enhanced in front of an audience.

  (A)  , tasks (on which/at which) we are not skilled or those in the early stages of learning will be (performing/performed) even more (poorly/poor) in front of an audience. 

Take the example of teaching; Zajonc’s drive theory predicts that an experienced, skilled teacher will do well in front of a class. 

On the other hand, a new teacher may practise and (rehearsing/rehearse) at home and be satisfied with  his or her performance. 

 (B)  , when the new teacher has to stand in front of a class he or she is likely to perform (poorly/poor), both according to his or her own expectations and to those of the students in the class.